perf(nuxt): migrate to use exsolve for module resolution (#31124)

packages/kit/package.json

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
     "defu": "^6.1.4",
     "destr": "^2.0.3",
     "errx": "^0.1.0",
+    "exsolve": "^0.4.4",
     "globby": "^14.1.0",
     "ignore": "^7.0.3",
     "jiti": "^2.4.2",

packages/kit/src/internal/esm.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
-import { interopDefault, resolvePath, resolvePathSync } from 'mlly'
+import { interopDefault } from 'mlly'
+import { resolveModulePath } from 'exsolve'
 import { createJiti } from 'jiti'
 import { captureStackTrace } from 'errx'
 
@@ -21,17 +22,19 @@ export function directoryToURL (dir: string): URL {
  */
 export async function tryResolveModule (id: string, url: URL | URL[]): Promise<string | undefined>
 /** @deprecated pass URLs pointing at files */
-export async function tryResolveModule (id: string, url: string | string[]): Promise<string | undefined>
+export function tryResolveModule (id: string, url: string | string[]): Promise<string | undefined>
-export async function tryResolveModule (id: string, url: string | string[] | URL | URL[] = import.meta.url) {
+export function tryResolveModule (id: string, url: string | string[] | URL | URL[] = import.meta.url) {
-  try {
+  return Promise.resolve(resolveModulePath(id, {
-    return await resolvePath(id, { url })
+    from: url,
-  } catch {
+    suffixes: ['', 'index'],
-    // intentionally empty as this is a `try-` function
+    try: true,
-  }
+  }))
 }
 
 export function resolveModule (id: string, options?: ResolveModuleOptions) {
-  return resolvePathSync(id, { url: options?.url ?? options?.paths ?? [import.meta.url] })
+  return resolveModulePath(id, {
+    from: options?.url ?? options?.paths ?? [import.meta.url],
+  })
 }
 
 export interface ImportModuleOptions extends ResolveModuleOptions {

packages/kit/src/loader/config.ts

@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ import type { NuxtConfig, NuxtOptions } from '@nuxt/schema'
 import { globby } from 'globby'
 import defu from 'defu'
 import { basename, join, relative } from 'pathe'
-import { isWindows } from 'std-env'
+import { resolveModuleURL } from 'exsolve'
-import { directoryToURL, tryResolveModule } from '../internal/esm'
+
+import { directoryToURL } from '../internal/esm'
 
 export interface LoadNuxtConfigOptions extends Omit<LoadConfigOptions<NuxtConfig>, 'overrides'> {
   // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-function-type
@@ -110,10 +111,10 @@ export async function loadNuxtConfig (opts: LoadNuxtConfigOptions): Promise<Nuxt
 async function loadNuxtSchema (cwd: string) {
   const url = directoryToURL(cwd)
   const urls = [url]
-  const nuxtPath = await tryResolveModule('nuxt', url) ?? await tryResolveModule('nuxt-nightly', url)
+  const nuxtPath = resolveModuleURL('nuxt', { try: true, from: url }) ?? resolveModuleURL('nuxt-nightly', { try: true, from: url })
   if (nuxtPath) {
     urls.unshift(pathToFileURL(nuxtPath))
   }
-  const schemaPath = await tryResolveModule('@nuxt/schema', urls) ?? '@nuxt/schema'
+  const schemaPath = resolveModuleURL('@nuxt/schema', { try: true, from: urls }) ?? '@nuxt/schema'
-  return await import(isWindows ? pathToFileURL(schemaPath).href : schemaPath).then(r => r.NuxtConfigSchema)
+  return await import(schemaPath).then(r => r.NuxtConfigSchema)
 }

packages/kit/src/module/install.ts

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 import { existsSync, promises as fsp, lstatSync } from 'node:fs'
-import { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
 import type { ModuleMeta, Nuxt, NuxtConfig, NuxtModule } from '@nuxt/schema'
-import { dirname, isAbsolute, join, resolve } from 'pathe'
+import { dirname, isAbsolute, resolve } from 'pathe'
 import { defu } from 'defu'
 import { createJiti } from 'jiti'
-import { parseNodeModulePath, resolve as resolveModule } from 'mlly'
+import { parseNodeModulePath } from 'mlly'
+import { resolveModuleURL } from 'exsolve'
 import { isRelative } from 'ufo'
 import { directoryToURL } from '../internal/esm'
 import { useNuxt } from '../context'
-import { resolveAlias, resolvePath } from '../resolve'
+import { resolveAlias } from '../resolve'
-import { logger } from '../logger'
 
 const NODE_MODULES_RE = /[/\\]node_modules[/\\]/
 
@@ -81,84 +81,63 @@ export const normalizeModuleTranspilePath = (p: string) => {
 
 const MissingModuleMatcher = /Cannot find module\s+['"]?([^'")\s]+)['"]?/i
 
-export async function loadNuxtModuleInstance (nuxtModule: string | NuxtModule, nuxt: Nuxt = useNuxt()) {
+export async function loadNuxtModuleInstance (nuxtModule: string | NuxtModule, nuxt: Nuxt = useNuxt()): Promise<{ nuxtModule: NuxtModule<any>, buildTimeModuleMeta: ModuleMeta, resolvedModulePath?: string }> {
   let buildTimeModuleMeta: ModuleMeta = {}
-  let resolvedModulePath: string | undefined
+
+  if (typeof nuxtModule === 'function') {
+    return {
+      nuxtModule,
+      buildTimeModuleMeta,
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (typeof nuxtModule !== 'string') {
+    throw new TypeError(`Nuxt module should be a function or a string to import. Received: ${nuxtModule}.`)
+  }
 
   const jiti = createJiti(nuxt.options.rootDir, { alias: nuxt.options.alias })
 
-  let resolvedNuxtModule: NuxtModule<any> | undefined
-  let hadNonFunctionPath = false
   // Import if input is string
-  if (typeof nuxtModule === 'string') {
+  nuxtModule = resolveAlias(nuxtModule, nuxt.options.alias)
-    const paths = new Set<string>()
-    nuxtModule = resolveAlias(nuxtModule, nuxt.options.alias)
 
-    if (isRelative(nuxtModule)) {
+  if (isRelative(nuxtModule)) {
-      nuxtModule = resolve(nuxt.options.rootDir, nuxtModule)
+    nuxtModule = resolve(nuxt.options.rootDir, nuxtModule)
-    }
-
-    paths.add(nuxtModule)
-    paths.add(join(nuxtModule, 'module'))
-    paths.add(join(nuxtModule, 'nuxt'))
-
-    for (const path of paths) {
-      try {
-        const src = isAbsolute(path)
-          ? pathToFileURL(await resolvePath(path, { fallbackToOriginal: false, extensions: nuxt.options.extensions })).href
-          : await resolveModule(path, {
-            url: nuxt.options.modulesDir.map(m => directoryToURL(m.replace(/\/node_modules\/?$/, '/'))),
-            extensions: nuxt.options.extensions,
-          })
-        resolvedModulePath = fileURLToPath(new URL(src))
-        if (!existsSync(resolvedModulePath)) {
-          continue
-        }
-        const instance = await jiti.import(src, { default: true }) as NuxtModule
-        // ignore possible barrel exports
-        if (typeof instance !== 'function') {
-          hadNonFunctionPath = true
-          continue
-        }
-        resolvedNuxtModule = instance
-
-        // nuxt-module-builder generates a module.json with metadata including the version
-        const moduleMetadataPath = new URL('module.json', src)
-        if (existsSync(moduleMetadataPath)) {
-          buildTimeModuleMeta = JSON.parse(await fsp.readFile(moduleMetadataPath, 'utf-8'))
-        }
-        break
-      } catch (error: unknown) {
-        const code = (error as Error & { code?: string }).code
-        if (code === 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED' || code === 'ERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT' || code === 'ENOTDIR') {
-          continue
-        }
-        if (code === 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND' || code === 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND') {
-          const module = MissingModuleMatcher.exec((error as Error).message)?.[1]
-          // verify that it's missing the nuxt module otherwise it may be a sub dependency of the module itself
-          // i.e module is importing a module that is missing
-          if (!module || module.includes(nuxtModule as string)) {
-            continue
-          }
-        }
-        logger.error(`Error while importing module \`${nuxtModule}\`: ${error}`)
-        throw error
-      }
-    }
-  } else {
-    resolvedNuxtModule = nuxtModule
   }
 
-  if (!resolvedNuxtModule) {
+  try {
-    // Module was resolvable but returned a non-function
+    const src = resolveModuleURL(nuxtModule, {
-    if (hadNonFunctionPath) {
+      from: nuxt.options.modulesDir.map(m => directoryToURL(m.replace(/\/node_modules\/?$/, '/'))),
+      suffixes: ['nuxt', 'nuxt/index', 'module', 'module/index', '', 'index'],
+      extensions: ['.js', '.mjs', '.cjs', '.ts', '.mts', '.cts'],
+    })
+    const resolvedModulePath = fileURLToPath(src)
+    const resolvedNuxtModule = await jiti.import<NuxtModule<any>>(src, { default: true })
+
+    if (typeof resolvedNuxtModule !== 'function') {
       throw new TypeError(`Nuxt module should be a function: ${nuxtModule}.`)
     }
-    // Throw error if module could not be found
+
-    if (typeof nuxtModule === 'string') {
+    // nuxt-module-builder generates a module.json with metadata including the version
+    const moduleMetadataPath = new URL('module.json', src)
+    if (existsSync(moduleMetadataPath)) {
+      buildTimeModuleMeta = JSON.parse(await fsp.readFile(moduleMetadataPath, 'utf-8'))
+    }
+
+    return { nuxtModule: resolvedNuxtModule, buildTimeModuleMeta, resolvedModulePath }
+  } catch (error: unknown) {
+    const code = (error as Error & { code?: string }).code
+    if (code === 'ERR_PACKAGE_PATH_NOT_EXPORTED' || code === 'ERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT' || code === 'ENOTDIR') {
       throw new TypeError(`Could not load \`${nuxtModule}\`. Is it installed?`)
     }
+    if (code === 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND' || code === 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND') {
+      const module = MissingModuleMatcher.exec((error as Error).message)?.[1]
+      // verify that it's missing the nuxt module otherwise it may be a sub dependency of the module itself
+      // i.e module is importing a module that is missing
+      if (module && !module.includes(nuxtModule as string)) {
+        throw new TypeError(`Error while importing module \`${nuxtModule}\`: ${error}`)
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  return { nuxtModule: resolvedNuxtModule, buildTimeModuleMeta, resolvedModulePath } as { nuxtModule: NuxtModule<any>, buildTimeModuleMeta: ModuleMeta, resolvedModulePath?: string }
+  throw new TypeError(`Could not load \`${nuxtModule}\`. Is it installed?`)
 }

packages/kit/src/plugin.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 import { existsSync } from 'node:fs'
 import { isAbsolute } from 'node:path'
-import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
 import { normalize } from 'pathe'
 import type { NuxtPlugin, NuxtPluginTemplate } from '@nuxt/schema'
-import { resolvePathSync } from 'mlly'
+import { resolveModulePath } from 'exsolve'
-import { isWindows } from 'std-env'
 import { MODE_RE, filterInPlace } from './utils'
 import { tryUseNuxt, useNuxt } from './context'
 import { addTemplate } from './template'
@@ -35,7 +33,9 @@ export function normalizePlugin (plugin: NuxtPlugin | string): NuxtPlugin {
 
   if (!existsSync(plugin.src) && isAbsolute(plugin.src)) {
     try {
-      plugin.src = resolvePathSync(isWindows ? pathToFileURL(plugin.src).href : plugin.src, { extensions: tryUseNuxt()?.options.extensions })
+      plugin.src = resolveModulePath(plugin.src, {
+        extensions: tryUseNuxt()?.options.extensions ?? ['.js', '.mjs', '.cjs', '.ts', '.tsx', '.mts', '.cts'],
+      })
     } catch {
       // ignore errors as the file may be in the nuxt vfs
     }

packages/kit/src/resolve.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { promises as fsp } from 'node:fs'
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
 import { basename, dirname, isAbsolute, join, normalize, resolve } from 'pathe'
 import { globby } from 'globby'
-import { resolvePath as _resolvePath } from 'mlly'
+import { resolveModulePath } from 'exsolve'
 import { resolveAlias as _resolveAlias } from 'pathe/utils'
 import { directoryToURL } from './internal/esm'
 import { tryUseNuxt } from './context'
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ async function _resolvePathGranularly (path: string, opts: ResolvePathOptions =
   const modulesDir = nuxt ? nuxt.options.modulesDir : []
 
   // Resolve aliases
-  path = resolveAlias(path)
+  path = _resolveAlias(path, opts.alias ?? nuxt?.options.alias ?? {})
 
   // Resolve relative to cwd
   if (!isAbsolute(path)) {
@@ -200,7 +200,11 @@ async function _resolvePathGranularly (path: string, opts: ResolvePathOptions =
   }
 
   // Try to resolve as module id
-  const resolvedModulePath = await _resolvePath(_path, { url: [cwd, ...modulesDir].map(d => directoryToURL(d)) }).catch(() => null)
+  const resolvedModulePath = resolveModulePath(_path, {
+    try: true,
+    suffixes: ['', 'index'],
+    from: [cwd, ...modulesDir].map(d => directoryToURL(d)),
+  })
   if (resolvedModulePath) {
     return {
       path: resolvedModulePath,

packages/kit/src/template.ts

@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ import { defu } from 'defu'
 import type { TSConfig } from 'pkg-types'
 import { gte } from 'semver'
 import { readPackageJSON } from 'pkg-types'
+import { resolveModulePath } from 'exsolve'
 
 import { filterInPlace } from './utils'
-import { directoryToURL, tryResolveModule } from './internal/esm'
+import { directoryToURL } from './internal/esm'
 import { getDirectory } from './module/install'
 import { tryUseNuxt, useNuxt } from './context'
 import { resolveNuxtModule } from './resolve'
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ export async function _generateTypes (nuxt: Nuxt) {
     let absolutePath = resolve(basePath, aliases[alias]!)
     let stats = await fsp.stat(absolutePath).catch(() => null /* file does not exist */)
     if (!stats) {
-      const resolvedModule = await tryResolveModule(aliases[alias]!, importPaths)
+      const resolvedModule = resolveModulePath(aliases[alias]!, { try: true, from: importPaths })
       if (resolvedModule) {
         absolutePath = resolvedModule
         stats = await fsp.stat(resolvedModule).catch(() => null)

packages/nuxt/package.json

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@
     "esbuild": "^0.25.0",
     "escape-string-regexp": "^5.0.0",
     "estree-walker": "^3.0.3",
+    "exsolve": "^0.4.4",
     "globby": "^14.1.0",
     "h3": "npm:h3-nightly@1.15.1-20250222-111608-d1c00fc",
     "hookable": "^5.5.3",

packages/nuxt/src/components/module.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import { existsSync, statSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs'
 import { isAbsolute, join, normalize, relative, resolve } from 'pathe'
-import { addBuildPlugin, addPluginTemplate, addTemplate, addTypeTemplate, addVitePlugin, defineNuxtModule, findPath, resolveAlias, resolvePath } from '@nuxt/kit'
+import { addBuildPlugin, addPluginTemplate, addTemplate, addTypeTemplate, addVitePlugin, defineNuxtModule, findPath, resolveAlias } from '@nuxt/kit'
 import type { Component, ComponentsDir, ComponentsOptions } from 'nuxt/schema'
 
+import { resolveModulePath } from 'exsolve'
 import { distDir } from '../dirs'
 import { logger } from '../utils'
 import { componentNamesTemplate, componentsIslandsTemplate, componentsMetadataTemplate, componentsPluginTemplate, componentsTypeTemplate } from './templates'
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ export default defineNuxtModule<ComponentsOptions>({
       for (const component of newComponents) {
         if (!(component as any /* untyped internal property */)._scanned && !(component.filePath in nuxt.vfs) && isAbsolute(component.filePath) && !existsSync(component.filePath)) {
           // attempt to resolve component path
-          component.filePath = await resolvePath(component.filePath, { fallbackToOriginal: true })
+          component.filePath = resolveModulePath(resolveAlias(component.filePath), { try: true, extensions: nuxt.options.extensions }) ?? component.filePath
         }
         if (component.mode === 'client' && !newComponents.some(c => c.pascalName === component.pascalName && c.mode === 'server')) {
           newComponents.push({

packages/nuxt/src/core/app.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { promises as fsp, mkdirSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs'
 import { dirname, join, relative, resolve } from 'pathe'
 import { defu } from 'defu'
-import { findPath, normalizePlugin, normalizeTemplate, resolveAlias, resolveFiles, resolvePath } from '@nuxt/kit'
+import { findPath, normalizePlugin, normalizeTemplate, resolveFiles, resolvePath } from '@nuxt/kit'
 import type { Nuxt, NuxtApp, NuxtPlugin, NuxtTemplate, ResolvedNuxtTemplate } from 'nuxt/schema'
 
 import type { PluginMeta } from 'nuxt/app'
@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@ export async function resolveApp (nuxt: Nuxt, app: NuxtApp) {
   }
 
   // Normalize and de-duplicate plugins and middleware
-  app.middleware = uniqueBy(await resolvePaths([...app.middleware].reverse(), 'path'), 'name').reverse()
+  app.middleware = uniqueBy(await resolvePaths(nuxt, [...app.middleware].reverse(), 'path'), 'name').reverse()
-  app.plugins = uniqueBy(await resolvePaths(app.plugins, 'src'), 'src')
+  app.plugins = uniqueBy(await resolvePaths(nuxt, app.plugins, 'src'), 'src')
 
   // Resolve app.config
   app.configs = []
@@ -231,16 +231,21 @@ export async function resolveApp (nuxt: Nuxt, app: NuxtApp) {
   await nuxt.callHook('app:resolve', app)
 
   // Normalize and de-duplicate plugins and middleware
-  app.middleware = uniqueBy(await resolvePaths(app.middleware, 'path'), 'name')
+  app.middleware = uniqueBy(await resolvePaths(nuxt, app.middleware, 'path'), 'name')
-  app.plugins = uniqueBy(await resolvePaths(app.plugins, 'src'), 'src')
+  app.plugins = uniqueBy(await resolvePaths(nuxt, app.plugins, 'src'), 'src')
 }
 
-function resolvePaths<Item extends Record<string, any>> (items: Item[], key: { [K in keyof Item]: Item[K] extends string ? K : never }[keyof Item]) {
+function resolvePaths<Item extends Record<string, any>> (nuxt: Nuxt, items: Item[], key: { [K in keyof Item]: Item[K] extends string ? K : never }[keyof Item]) {
   return Promise.all(items.map(async (item) => {
     if (!item[key]) { return item }
     return {
       ...item,
-      [key]: await resolvePath(resolveAlias(item[key])),
+      [key]: await resolvePath(item[key], {
+        alias: nuxt.options.alias,
+        extensions: nuxt.options.extensions,
+        fallbackToOriginal: true,
+        virtual: true,
+      }),
     }
   }))
 }

packages/nuxt/src/core/builder.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { EventType } from '@parcel/watcher'
 import type { FSWatcher } from 'chokidar'
 import { watch as chokidarWatch } from 'chokidar'
-import { createIsIgnored, directoryToURL, importModule, isIgnored, tryResolveModule, useNuxt } from '@nuxt/kit'
+import { createIsIgnored, directoryToURL, importModule, isIgnored, useNuxt } from '@nuxt/kit'
 import { debounce } from 'perfect-debounce'
 import { normalize, relative, resolve } from 'pathe'
 import type { Nuxt, NuxtBuilder } from 'nuxt/schema'
@@ -193,36 +193,35 @@ async function createParcelWatcher () {
     // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
     console.time('[nuxt] builder:parcel:watch')
   }
-  const watcherPath = await tryResolveModule('@parcel/watcher', [nuxt.options.rootDir, ...nuxt.options.modulesDir].map(d => directoryToURL(d)))
+  try {
-  if (!watcherPath) {
+    const { subscribe } = await importModule<typeof import('@parcel/watcher')>('@parcel/watcher', { url: [nuxt.options.rootDir, ...nuxt.options.modulesDir].map(d => directoryToURL(d)) })
+    for (const layer of nuxt.options._layers) {
+      if (!layer.config.srcDir) { continue }
+      const watcher = subscribe(layer.config.srcDir, (err, events) => {
+        if (err) { return }
+        for (const event of events) {
+          if (isIgnored(event.path)) { continue }
+          nuxt.callHook('builder:watch', watchEvents[event.type], normalize(event.path))
+        }
+      }, {
+        ignore: [
+          ...nuxt.options.ignore,
+          'node_modules',
+        ],
+      })
+      watcher.then((subscription) => {
+        if (nuxt.options.debug && nuxt.options.debug.watchers) {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+          console.timeEnd('[nuxt] builder:parcel:watch')
+        }
+        nuxt.hook('close', () => subscription.unsubscribe())
+      })
+    }
+    return true
+  } catch {
     logger.warn('Falling back to `chokidar-granular` as `@parcel/watcher` cannot be resolved in your project.')
     return false
   }
-
-  const { subscribe } = await importModule<typeof import('@parcel/watcher')>(watcherPath)
-  for (const layer of nuxt.options._layers) {
-    if (!layer.config.srcDir) { continue }
-    const watcher = subscribe(layer.config.srcDir, (err, events) => {
-      if (err) { return }
-      for (const event of events) {
-        if (isIgnored(event.path)) { continue }
-        nuxt.callHook('builder:watch', watchEvents[event.type], normalize(event.path))
-      }
-    }, {
-      ignore: [
-        ...nuxt.options.ignore,
-        'node_modules',
-      ],
-    })
-    watcher.then((subscription) => {
-      if (nuxt.options.debug && nuxt.options.debug.watchers) {
-        // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
-        console.timeEnd('[nuxt] builder:parcel:watch')
-      }
-      nuxt.hook('close', () => subscription.unsubscribe())
-    })
-  }
-  return true
 }
 
 async function bundle (nuxt: Nuxt) {
@@ -244,10 +243,9 @@ async function bundle (nuxt: Nuxt) {
 }
 
 async function loadBuilder (nuxt: Nuxt, builder: string): Promise<NuxtBuilder> {
-  const builderPath = await tryResolveModule(builder, [directoryToURL(nuxt.options.rootDir), new URL(import.meta.url)])
+  try {
-
+    return await importModule(builder, { url: [directoryToURL(nuxt.options.rootDir), new URL(import.meta.url)] })
-  if (!builderPath) {
+  } catch {
     throw new Error(`Loading \`${builder}\` builder failed. You can read more about the nuxt \`builder\` option at: \`https://nuxt.com/docs/api/nuxt-config#builder\``)
   }
-  return importModule(builderPath)
 }

packages/nuxt/src/core/nuxt.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { join, normalize, relative, resolve } from 'pathe'
 import { createDebugger, createHooks } from 'hookable'
 import ignore from 'ignore'
 import type { LoadNuxtOptions } from '@nuxt/kit'
-import { addBuildPlugin, addComponent, addPlugin, addPluginTemplate, addRouteMiddleware, addServerPlugin, addTypeTemplate, addVitePlugin, addWebpackPlugin, directoryToURL, installModule, loadNuxtConfig, nuxtCtx, resolveAlias, resolveFiles, resolveIgnorePatterns, resolvePath, runWithNuxtContext, tryResolveModule, useNitro } from '@nuxt/kit'
+import { addBuildPlugin, addComponent, addPlugin, addPluginTemplate, addRouteMiddleware, addServerPlugin, addTypeTemplate, addVitePlugin, addWebpackPlugin, directoryToURL, installModule, loadNuxtConfig, nuxtCtx, resolveAlias, resolveFiles, resolveIgnorePatterns, runWithNuxtContext, useNitro } from '@nuxt/kit'
 import type { Nuxt, NuxtHooks, NuxtModule, NuxtOptions } from 'nuxt/schema'
 import type { PackageJson } from 'pkg-types'
 import { readPackageJSON } from 'pkg-types'
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import defu from 'defu'
 import { gt, satisfies } from 'semver'
 import { hasTTY, isCI } from 'std-env'
 import { genImport } from 'knitwork'
+import { resolveModulePath, resolveModuleURL } from 'exsolve'
 
 import { installNuxtModule } from '../core/features'
 import pagesModule from '../pages/module'
@@ -390,14 +391,14 @@ async function initNuxt (nuxt: Nuxt) {
     }))
   }
 
-  nuxt.hook('modules:done', async () => {
+  nuxt.hook('modules:done', () => {
     const importPaths = nuxt.options.modulesDir.map(dir => directoryToURL((dir)))
     // Add unctx transform
     addBuildPlugin(UnctxTransformPlugin({
       sourcemap: !!nuxt.options.sourcemap.server || !!nuxt.options.sourcemap.client,
       transformerOptions: {
         ...nuxt.options.optimization.asyncTransforms,
-        helperModule: await tryResolveModule('unctx', importPaths) ?? 'unctx',
+        helperModule: resolveModuleURL('unctx', { try: true, from: importPaths }) ?? 'unctx',
       },
     }))
 
@@ -482,8 +483,14 @@ async function initNuxt (nuxt: Nuxt) {
   for (const _mod of nuxt.options.modules) {
     const mod = Array.isArray(_mod) ? _mod[0] : _mod
     if (typeof mod !== 'string') { continue }
-    const modPath = await resolvePath(resolveAlias(mod), { fallbackToOriginal: true })
+    const modAlias = resolveAlias(mod)
-    specifiedModules.add(modPath)
+    const modPath = resolveModulePath(modAlias, {
+      try: true,
+      from: nuxt.options.modulesDir.map(m => directoryToURL(m.replace(/\/node_modules\/?$/, '/'))),
+      suffixes: ['nuxt', 'nuxt/index', 'module', 'module/index', '', 'index'],
+      extensions: ['.js', '.mjs', '.cjs', '.ts', '.mts', '.cts'],
+    })
+    specifiedModules.add(modPath || modAlias)
   }
 
   // Automatically register user modules
@@ -920,9 +927,9 @@ export async function loadNuxt (opts: LoadNuxtOptions): Promise<Nuxt> {
 }
 
 export async function checkDependencyVersion (name: string, nuxtVersion: string): Promise<void> {
-  const path = await resolvePath(name, { fallbackToOriginal: true }).catch(() => null)
+  const path = resolveModulePath(name, { try: true })
 
-  if (!path || path === name) { return }
+  if (!path) { return }
   const { version } = await readPackageJSON(path)
 
   if (version && gt(nuxtVersion, version)) {

packages/nuxt/src/core/plugins/resolve-deep-imports.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { parseNodeModulePath, resolvePath } from 'mlly'
+import { parseNodeModulePath } from 'mlly'
+import { resolveModulePath } from 'exsolve'
 import { isAbsolute, normalize } from 'pathe'
 import type { Plugin } from 'vite'
 import { directoryToURL, resolveAlias } from '@nuxt/kit'
@@ -36,13 +37,24 @@ export function resolveDeepImportsPlugin (nuxt: Nuxt): Plugin {
       const normalisedImporter = importer.replace(/^\0?virtual:(?:nuxt:)?/, '')
       const dir = parseNodeModulePath(normalisedImporter).dir || pkgDir
 
-      return await this.resolve?.(normalisedId, dir, { skipSelf: true }) ?? await resolvePath(id, {
+      const res = await this.resolve?.(normalisedId, dir, { skipSelf: true })
-        url: [dir, ...nuxt.options.modulesDir].map(d => directoryToURL(d)),
+      if (res !== undefined && res !== null) {
+        return res
+      }
+
+      const path = resolveModulePath(id, {
+        from: [dir, ...nuxt.options.modulesDir].map(d => directoryToURL(d)),
+        suffixes: ['', 'index'],
         conditions,
-      }).catch(() => {
+        try: true,
+      })
+
+      if (!path) {
         logger.debug('Could not resolve id', id, importer)
         return null
-      })
+      }
+
+      return normalize(path)
     },
   }
 }

packages/nuxt/src/core/schema.ts

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { resolve } from 'pathe'
 import { watch } from 'chokidar'
 import { defu } from 'defu'
 import { debounce } from 'perfect-debounce'
-import { createIsIgnored, createResolver, defineNuxtModule, directoryToURL, importModule, tryResolveModule } from '@nuxt/kit'
+import { createIsIgnored, createResolver, defineNuxtModule, directoryToURL, importModule } from '@nuxt/kit'
 import { generateTypes, resolveSchema as resolveUntypedSchema } from 'untyped'
 import type { Schema, SchemaDefinition } from 'untyped'
 import untypedPlugin from 'untyped/babel-plugin'
@@ -54,9 +54,10 @@ export default defineNuxtModule({
       })
 
       if (nuxt.options.experimental.watcher === 'parcel') {
-        const watcherPath = await tryResolveModule('@parcel/watcher', [nuxt.options.rootDir, ...nuxt.options.modulesDir].map(dir => directoryToURL(dir)))
+        try {
-        if (watcherPath) {
+          const { subscribe } = await importModule<typeof import('@parcel/watcher')>('@parcel/watcher', {
-          const { subscribe } = await importModule<typeof import('@parcel/watcher')>(watcherPath)
+            url: [nuxt.options.rootDir, ...nuxt.options.modulesDir].map(dir => directoryToURL(dir)),
+          })
           for (const layer of nuxt.options._layers) {
             const subscription = await subscribe(layer.config.rootDir, onChange, {
               ignore: ['!nuxt.schema.*'],
@@ -64,8 +65,9 @@ export default defineNuxtModule({
             nuxt.hook('close', () => subscription.unsubscribe())
           }
           return
+        } catch {
+          logger.warn('Falling back to `chokidar` as `@parcel/watcher` cannot be resolved in your project.')
         }
-        logger.warn('Falling back to `chokidar` as `@parcel/watcher` cannot be resolved in your project.')
       }
 
       const isIgnored = createIsIgnored(nuxt)

packages/nuxt/src/core/utils/types.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 import { resolvePackageJSON } from 'pkg-types'
-import { resolvePath as _resolvePath } from 'mlly'
+import { resolveModulePath } from 'exsolve'
 import { dirname } from 'pathe'
 import { directoryToURL, tryUseNuxt } from '@nuxt/kit'
 
 export async function resolveTypePath (path: string, subpath: string, searchPaths = tryUseNuxt()?.options.modulesDir) {
   try {
-    const r = await _resolvePath(path, { url: searchPaths?.map(d => directoryToURL(d)), conditions: ['types', 'import', 'require'] })
+    const r = resolveModulePath(path, {
+      from: searchPaths?.map(d => directoryToURL(d)),
+      conditions: ['types', 'import', 'require'],
+    })
     if (subpath) {
       return r.replace(/(?:\.d)?\.[mc]?[jt]s$/, '')
     }

packages/nuxt/src/head/module.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { resolve } from 'pathe'
-import { addComponent, addImportsSources, addPlugin, addTemplate, defineNuxtModule, directoryToURL, tryResolveModule } from '@nuxt/kit'
+import { addComponent, addImportsSources, addPlugin, addTemplate, defineNuxtModule, directoryToURL } from '@nuxt/kit'
 import type { NuxtOptions } from '@nuxt/schema'
+import { resolveModulePath } from 'exsolve'
 import { distDir } from '../dirs'
 
 const components = ['NoScript', 'Link', 'Base', 'Title', 'Meta', 'Style', 'Head', 'Html', 'Body']
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ export default defineNuxtModule<NuxtOptions['unhead']>({
     name: 'nuxt:meta',
     configKey: 'unhead',
   },
-  async setup (options, nuxt) {
+  setup (options, nuxt) {
     const runtimeDir = resolve(distDir, 'head/runtime')
 
     // Transpile @unhead/vue
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ export default defineNuxtModule<NuxtOptions['unhead']>({
 
     // Opt-out feature allowing dependencies using @vueuse/head to work
     const importPaths = nuxt.options.modulesDir.map(d => directoryToURL(d))
-    const unheadVue = await tryResolveModule('@unhead/vue', importPaths) || '@unhead/vue'
+    const unheadVue = resolveModulePath('@unhead/vue', { try: true, from: importPaths }) || '@unhead/vue'
 
     addTemplate({
       filename: 'unhead-plugins.mjs',

pnpm-lock.yaml

@@ -247,6 +247,9 @@ importers:
       errx:
         specifier: ^0.1.0
         version: 0.1.0
+      exsolve:
+        specifier: ^0.4.4
+        version: 0.4.4
       globby:
         specifier: ^14.1.0
         version: 14.1.0
@@ -398,6 +401,9 @@ importers:
       estree-walker:
         specifier: ^3.0.3
         version: 3.0.3
+      exsolve:
+        specifier: ^0.4.4
+        version: 0.4.4
       globby:
         specifier: ^14.1.0
         version: 14.1.0
@@ -3808,9 +3814,6 @@ packages:
       uWebSockets.js:
         optional: true
 
-  crossws@0.3.2:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-S2PpQHRcgYABOS2465b34wqTOn5dbLL+iSvyweJYGGFLDsKq88xrjDXUiEhfYkhWZq1HuS6of3okRHILbkrqxw==}
-
   crossws@0.3.4:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-uj0O1ETYX1Bh6uSgktfPvwDiPYGQ3aI4qVsaC/LWpkIzGj1nUYm5FK3K+t11oOlpN01lGbprFCH4wBlKdJjVgw==}
 
@@ -4388,8 +4391,8 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-bFi65yM+xZgk+u/KRIpekdSYkTB5W1pEf0Lt8Q8Msh7b+eQ7LXVtIB1Bkm4fvclDEL1b2CZkMhv2mOeF8tMdkA==}
     engines: {node: '>=12.0.0'}
 
-  exsolve@0.4.2:
+  exsolve@0.4.4:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-sLGq+3R6ISovHNxuENnZ69paPIQm8h2bfeSefXIKvBLNCgh4pc+luHtgTLC4ij2zN6KFm1aMG8efQXcjyNy3lw==}
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-74RiT9i1G0eyFyE9n5f6mdX8+AicZFnhJ0CHB9VrkIl3Sy8vmW49ODbpwevdLswST7fhp3jvfPzD4DArTfjnsA==}
 
   extend@3.0.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-fjquC59cD7CyW6urNXK0FBufkZcoiGG80wTuPujX590cB5Ttln20E2UB4S/WARVqhXffZl2LNgS+gQdPIIim/g==}
@@ -10519,7 +10522,7 @@ snapshots:
       confbox: 0.1.8
       defu: 6.1.4
       dotenv: 16.4.7
-      exsolve: 0.4.2
+      exsolve: 0.4.4
       giget: 2.0.0
       jiti: 2.4.2
       ohash: 2.0.5
@@ -10810,10 +10813,6 @@ snapshots:
 
   crossws@0.2.4: {}
 
-  crossws@0.3.2:
-    dependencies:
-      uncrypto: 0.1.3
-
   crossws@0.3.4:
     dependencies:
       uncrypto: 0.1.3
@@ -11550,7 +11549,7 @@ snapshots:
 
   expect-type@1.1.0: {}
 
-  exsolve@0.4.2: {}
+  exsolve@0.4.4: {}
 
   extend@3.0.2: {}
 
@@ -12506,7 +12505,7 @@ snapshots:
       citty: 0.1.6
       clipboardy: 4.0.0
       consola: 3.4.0
-      crossws: 0.3.2
+      crossws: 0.3.4
       defu: 6.1.4
       get-port-please: 3.1.2
       h3: h3-nightly@1.15.1-20250222-111608-d1c00fc

test/fixtures/basic/nuxt.config.ts

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export default defineNuxtConfig({
         }
       })
     },
-    '~/modules/subpath',
+    '~/custom-modules/subpath',
     './modules/test',
     '~/modules/example',
     function (_, nuxt) {