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docs: explain how environment variables work in production (#27189)

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docs/2.guide/2.directory-structure/2.env.md
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@ -33,11 +33,25 @@ npx nuxi dev --dotenv .env.local
When updating `.env` in development mode, the Nuxt instance is automatically restarted to apply new values to the `process.env`. When updating `.env` in development mode, the Nuxt instance is automatically restarted to apply new values to the `process.env`.
## Production Preview ## Production
**After your server is built**, you are responsible for setting environment variables when you run the server. **After your server is built**, you are responsible for setting environment variables when you run the server.
Your `.env` file will not be read at this point. How you do this is different for every environment. Your `.env` files will not be read at this point. How you do this is different for every environment.
This design decision was made to ensure compatibility across various deployment environments, some of which may not have a traditional file system available, such as serverless platforms or edge networks like Cloudflare Workers.
Since `.env` files are not used in production, you must explicitly set environment variables using the tools and methods provided by your hosting environment. Here are some common approaches:
* You can pass the environment variables as arguments using the terminal:
`$ DATABASE_HOST=mydatabaseconnectionstring node .output/server/index.mjs`
* You can set environment variables in shell configuration files like `.bashrc` or `.profile`.
* Many cloud service providers, such as Vercel, Netlify, and AWS, provide interfaces for setting environment variables via their dashboards, CLI tools or configuration files.
## Production Preview
For local production preview purpose, we recommend using [`nuxi preview`](/docs/api/commands/preview) since using this command, the `.env` file will be loaded into `process.env` for convenience. Note that this command requires dependencies to be installed in the package directory. For local production preview purpose, we recommend using [`nuxi preview`](/docs/api/commands/preview) since using this command, the `.env` file will be loaded into `process.env` for convenience. Note that this command requires dependencies to be installed in the package directory.