feat(vite,webpack): tree-shakable `import.meta.*` build flags (#22428)

2023-08-07 19:03:40 -03:00 · 2023-08-07 19:03:40 -03:00 · ffd0223583
parent 305d6de030
commit ffd0223583
75 changed files with 226 additions and 202 deletions
--- a/docs/1.getting-started/7.state-management.md
+++ b/docs/1.getting-started/7.state-management.md
@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ export const useLocale = () => useState<string>('locale', () => useDefaultLocale

 export const useDefaultLocale = (fallback = 'en-US') => {
  const locale = ref(fallback)
-  if (process.server) {    
+  if (import.meta.server) {    
    const reqLocale = useRequestHeaders()['accept-language']?.split(',')[0]
    if (reqLocale) {
      locale.value = reqLocale
    }
-  } else if (process.client) {
+  } else if (import.meta.client) {
    const navLang = navigator.language
    if (navLang) {
      locale.value = navLang
--- a/docs/2.guide/2.directory-structure/1.middleware.md
+++ b/docs/2.guide/2.directory-structure/1.middleware.md
@ -125,12 +125,12 @@ However, if you want to avoid this behaviour you can do so:
 ```js
 export default defineNuxtRouteMiddleware(to => {
  // skip middleware on server
-  if (process.server) return
+  if (import.meta.server) return
  // skip middleware on client side entirely
-  if (process.client) return
+  if (import.meta.client) return
  // or only skip middleware on initial client load
  const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
-  if (process.client && nuxtApp.isHydrating && nuxtApp.payload.serverRendered) return
+  if (import.meta.client && nuxtApp.isHydrating && nuxtApp.payload.serverRendered) return
 })
 ```

--- a/docs/2.guide/2.directory-structure/1.plugins.md
+++ b/docs/2.guide/2.directory-structure/1.plugins.md
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ export default defineNuxtPlugin({
 ```

 ::alert
-If you are using an object-syntax plugin, the properties may be statically analyzed in future to produce a more optimized build. So you should not define them at runtime. For example, setting `enforce: process.server ? 'pre' : 'post'` would defeat any future optimization Nuxt is able to do for your plugins.
+If you are using an object-syntax plugin, the properties may be statically analyzed in future to produce a more optimized build. So you should not define them at runtime. For example, setting `enforce: import.meta.server ? 'pre' : 'post'` would defeat any future optimization Nuxt is able to do for your plugins.
 ::

 ## Plugin Registration Order
--- a/docs/2.guide/3.going-further/10.runtime-config.md
+++ b/docs/2.guide/3.going-further/10.runtime-config.md
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ The entire runtime config is available on the server-side, but it is read-only t
 <script setup lang="ts">
 const config = useRuntimeConfig()
 console.log('Runtime config:', config)
-if (process.server) {
+if (import.meta.server) {
  console.log('API secret:', config.apiSecret)
 }
 </script>
--- a/docs/2.guide/3.going-further/8.custom-routing.md
+++ b/docs/2.guide/3.going-further/8.custom-routing.md
@ -138,6 +138,6 @@ import { createMemoryHistory } from 'vue-router'

 // https://router.vuejs.org/api/interfaces/routeroptions.html
 export default <RouterConfig> {
-  history: base => process.client ? createMemoryHistory(base) : null /* default */
+  history: base => import.meta.client ? createMemoryHistory(base) : null /* default */
 }
 ```
--- a/docs/3.api/1.composables/use-nuxt-app.md
+++ b/docs/3.api/1.composables/use-nuxt-app.md
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export default defineNuxtPlugin((nuxtApp) => {
  })
  nuxtApp.hook('vue:error', (..._args) => {
    console.log('vue:error')
-    // if (process.client) {
+    // if (import.meta.client) {
    //   console.log(..._args)
    // }
  })
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ When accessing the same `payload.data` from [ssrcontext](#ssrcontext), you can a
 export const useColor = () => useState<string>('color', () => 'pink')

 export default defineNuxtPlugin((nuxtApp) => {
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    const color = useColor()
  }
 })
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ export default defineComponent({
  setup (_props, { slots, emit }) {
    const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
    onErrorCaptured((err) => {
-      if (process.client && !nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
+      if (import.meta.client && !nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
        // ...
      }
    })
--- a/packages/kit/src/template.ts
+++ b/packages/kit/src/template.ts
@ -128,7 +128,6 @@ export async function writeTypes (nuxt: Nuxt) {
      noEmit: true,
      resolveJsonModule: true,
      allowSyntheticDefaultImports: true,
-      types: ['node'],
      paths: {}
    },
    include: [
--- a/packages/nuxt/package.json
+++ b/packages/nuxt/package.json
@ -122,6 +122,9 @@
  "peerDependenciesMeta": {
    "@parcel/watcher": {
      "optional": true
+    },
+    "@types/node": {
+      "optional": true
    }
  },
  "engines": {
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/compat/idle-callback.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/compat/idle-callback.ts
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Polyfills for Safari support
 // https://caniuse.com/requestidlecallback
-export const requestIdleCallback: Window['requestIdleCallback'] = process.server
+export const requestIdleCallback: Window['requestIdleCallback'] = import.meta.server
  ? (() => {}) as any
  : (globalThis.requestIdleCallback || ((cb) => {
      const start = Date.now()
@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ export const requestIdleCallback: Window['requestIdleCallback'] = process.server
      return setTimeout(() => { cb(idleDeadline) }, 1)
    }))

-export const cancelIdleCallback: Window['cancelIdleCallback'] = process.server
+export const cancelIdleCallback: Window['cancelIdleCallback'] = import.meta.server
  ? (() => {}) as any
  : (globalThis.cancelIdleCallback || ((id) => { clearTimeout(id) }))
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/dev-only.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/dev-only.ts
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { defineComponent } from 'vue'
 export default defineComponent({
  name: 'DevOnly',
  setup (_, props) {
-    if (process.dev) {
+    if (import.meta.dev) {
      return () => props.slots.default?.()
    }
    return () => props.slots.fallback?.()
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-error-boundary.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-error-boundary.ts
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export default defineComponent({
    const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()

    onErrorCaptured((err, target, info) => {
-      if (process.client && !nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
+      if (import.meta.client && !nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
        emit('error', err)
        nuxtApp.hooks.callHook('vue:error', err, target, info)
        error.value = err
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-error-page.vue
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-error-page.vue
@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ const is404 = statusCode === 404

 const statusMessage = _error.statusMessage ?? (is404 ? 'Page Not Found' : 'Internal Server Error')
 const description = _error.message || _error.toString()
-const stack = process.dev && !is404 ? _error.description || `<pre>${stacktrace}</pre>` : undefined
+const stack = import.meta.dev && !is404 ? _error.description || `<pre>${stacktrace}</pre>` : undefined

 // TODO: Investigate side-effect issue with imports
 const _Error404 = defineAsyncComponent(() => import('@nuxt/ui-templates/templates/error-404.vue').then(r => r.default || r))
-const _Error = process.dev
+const _Error = import.meta.dev
  ? defineAsyncComponent(() => import('@nuxt/ui-templates/templates/error-dev.vue').then(r => r.default || r))
  : defineAsyncComponent(() => import('@nuxt/ui-templates/templates/error-500.vue').then(r => r.default || r))

--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-island.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-island.ts
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const SLOTNAME_RE = /nuxt-ssr-slot-name="([^"]*)"/g
 const SLOT_FALLBACK_RE = /<div nuxt-slot-fallback-start="([^"]*)"[^>]*><\/div>(((?!<div nuxt-slot-fallback-end[^>]*>)[\s\S])*)<div nuxt-slot-fallback-end[^>]*><\/div>/g

 let id = 0
-const getId = process.client ? () => (id++).toString() : randomUUID
+const getId = import.meta.client ? () => (id++).toString() : randomUUID

 export default defineComponent({
  name: 'NuxtIsland',
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export default defineComponent({
    const instance = getCurrentInstance()!
    const event = useRequestEvent()
    // TODO: remove use of `$fetch.raw` when nitro 503 issues on windows dev server are resolved
-    const eventFetch = process.server ? event.fetch : process.dev ? $fetch.raw : globalThis.fetch
+    const eventFetch = import.meta.server ? event.fetch : import.meta.dev ? $fetch.raw : globalThis.fetch
    const mounted = ref(false)
    onMounted(() => { mounted.value = true })

@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ export default defineComponent({
      nuxtApp.payload.data[key] = {
        __nuxt_island: {
          key,
-          ...(process.server && process.env.prerender)
+          ...(import.meta.server && import.meta.prerender)
            ? {}
            : { params: { ...props.context, props: props.props ? JSON.stringify(props.props) : undefined } }
        },
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ export default defineComponent({
    }

    const ssrHTML = ref<string>('')
-    if (process.client) {
+    if (import.meta.client) {
      const renderedHTML = getFragmentHTML(instance.vnode?.el ?? null).join('')
      if (renderedHTML && nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
        setPayload(`${props.name}_${hashId.value}`, {
@ -111,19 +111,19 @@ export default defineComponent({

      const url = remoteComponentIslands && props.source ? new URL(`/__nuxt_island/${key}`, props.source).href : `/__nuxt_island/${key}`

-      if (process.server && process.env.prerender) {
+      if (import.meta.server && import.meta.prerender) {
        // Hint to Nitro to prerender the island component
        appendResponseHeader(event, 'x-nitro-prerender', url)
      }
      // TODO: Validate response
      // $fetch handles the app.baseURL in dev
-      const r = await eventFetch(withQuery(process.dev && process.client ? url : joinURL(config.app.baseURL ?? '', url), {
+      const r = await eventFetch(withQuery(import.meta.dev && import.meta.client ? url : joinURL(config.app.baseURL ?? '', url), {
        ...props.context,
        props: props.props ? JSON.stringify(props.props) : undefined
      }))
-      const result = process.server || !process.dev ? await r.json() : (r as FetchResponse<NuxtIslandResponse>)._data
+      const result = import.meta.server || !import.meta.dev ? await r.json() : (r as FetchResponse<NuxtIslandResponse>)._data
      // TODO: support passing on more headers
-      if (process.server && process.env.prerender) {
+      if (import.meta.server && import.meta.prerender) {
        const hints = r.headers.get('x-nitro-prerender')
        if (hints) {
          appendResponseHeader(event, 'x-nitro-prerender', hints)
@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ export default defineComponent({
        })
        key.value++
        error.value = null
-        if (process.client) {
+        if (import.meta.client) {
          // must await next tick for Teleport to work correctly with static node re-rendering
          await nextTick()
        }
@ -165,13 +165,13 @@ export default defineComponent({
      })
    }

-    if (process.client) {
+    if (import.meta.client) {
      watch(props, debounce(() => fetchComponent(), 100))
    }

-    if (process.client && !nuxtApp.isHydrating && props.lazy) {
+    if (import.meta.client && !nuxtApp.isHydrating && props.lazy) {
      fetchComponent()
-    } else if (process.server || !nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
+    } else if (import.meta.server || !nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
      await fetchComponent()
    }

@ -182,10 +182,10 @@ export default defineComponent({
      const nodes = [createVNode(Fragment, {
        key: key.value
      }, [h(createStaticVNode(html.value || '<div></div>', 1))])]
-      if (uid.value && (mounted.value || nuxtApp.isHydrating || process.server)) {
+      if (uid.value && (mounted.value || nuxtApp.isHydrating || import.meta.server)) {
        for (const slot in slots) {
          if (availableSlots.value.includes(slot)) {
-            nodes.push(createVNode(Teleport, { to: process.client ? `[nuxt-ssr-component-uid='${uid.value}'] [nuxt-ssr-slot-name='${slot}']` : `uid=${uid.value};slot=${slot}` }, {
+            nodes.push(createVNode(Teleport, { to: import.meta.client ? `[nuxt-ssr-component-uid='${uid.value}'] [nuxt-ssr-slot-name='${slot}']` : `uid=${uid.value};slot=${slot}` }, {
              default: () => (slotProps.value[slot] ?? [undefined]).map((data: any) => slots[slot]?.(data))
            }))
          }
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-layout.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-layout.ts
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export default defineComponent({

    return () => {
      const hasLayout = layout.value && layout.value in layouts
-      if (process.dev && layout.value && !hasLayout && layout.value !== 'default') {
+      if (import.meta.dev && layout.value && !hasLayout && layout.value !== 'default') {
        console.warn(`Invalid layout \`${layout.value}\` selected.`)
      }

@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ const LayoutProvider = defineComponent({
    }

    let vnode: VNode | undefined
-    if (process.dev && process.client) {
+    if (import.meta.dev && import.meta.client) {
      onMounted(() => {
        nextTick(() => {
          if (['#comment', '#text'].includes(vnode?.el?.nodeName)) {
@ -128,14 +128,14 @@ const LayoutProvider = defineComponent({

    return () => {
      if (!name || (typeof name === 'string' && !(name in layouts))) {
-        if (process.dev && process.client && props.hasTransition) {
+        if (import.meta.dev && import.meta.client && props.hasTransition) {
          vnode = context.slots.default?.() as VNode | undefined
          return vnode
        }
        return context.slots.default?.()
      }

-      if (process.dev && process.client && props.hasTransition) {
+      if (import.meta.dev && import.meta.client && props.hasTransition) {
        vnode = h(
          // @ts-expect-error seems to be an issue in vue types
          LayoutLoader,
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-link.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-link.ts
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export function defineNuxtLink (options: NuxtLinkOptions) {
  const componentName = options.componentName || 'NuxtLink'

  const checkPropConflicts = (props: NuxtLinkProps, main: keyof NuxtLinkProps, sub: keyof NuxtLinkProps): void => {
-    if (process.dev && props[main] !== undefined && props[sub] !== undefined) {
+    if (import.meta.dev && props[main] !== undefined && props[sub] !== undefined) {
      console.warn(`[${componentName}] \`${main}\` and \`${sub}\` cannot be used together. \`${sub}\` will be ignored.`)
    }
  }
@ -198,10 +198,10 @@ export function defineNuxtLink (options: NuxtLinkOptions) {

      // Prefetching
      const prefetched = ref(false)
-      const el = process.server ? undefined : ref<HTMLElement | null>(null)
-      const elRef = process.server ? undefined : (ref: any) => { el!.value = props.custom ? ref?.$el?.nextElementSibling : ref?.$el }
+      const el = import.meta.server ? undefined : ref<HTMLElement | null>(null)
+      const elRef = import.meta.server ? undefined : (ref: any) => { el!.value = props.custom ? ref?.$el?.nextElementSibling : ref?.$el }

-      if (process.client) {
+      if (import.meta.client) {
        checkPropConflicts(props, 'prefetch', 'noPrefetch')
        const shouldPrefetch = props.prefetch !== false && props.noPrefetch !== true && props.target !== '_blank' && !isSlowConnection()
        if (shouldPrefetch) {
@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ type CallbackFn = () => void
 type ObserveFn = (element: Element, callback: CallbackFn) => () => void

 function useObserver (): { observe: ObserveFn } | undefined {
-  if (process.server) { return }
+  if (import.meta.server) { return }

  const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
  if (nuxtApp._observer) {
@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ function useObserver (): { observe: ObserveFn } | undefined {
 }

 function isSlowConnection () {
-  if (process.server) { return }
+  if (import.meta.server) { return }

  // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Navigator/connection
  const cn = (navigator as any).connection as { saveData: boolean, effectiveType: string } | null
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-loading-indicator.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-loading-indicator.ts
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ function useLoadingIndicator (opts: {
  function start () {
    clear()
    progress.value = 0
-    if (opts.throttle && process.client) {
+    if (opts.throttle && import.meta.client) {
      _throttle = setTimeout(() => {
        isLoading.value = true
        _startTimer()
@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ function useLoadingIndicator (opts: {

  function _hide () {
    clear()
-    if (process.client) {
+    if (import.meta.client) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        isLoading.value = false
        setTimeout(() => { progress.value = 0 }, 400)
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ function useLoadingIndicator (opts: {
  }

  function _startTimer () {
-    if (process.client) {
+    if (import.meta.client) {
      _timer = setInterval(() => { _increase(step.value) }, 100)
    }
  }
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-root.vue
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/nuxt-root.vue
@ -16,23 +16,23 @@ import { PageRouteSymbol } from '#app/components/injections'
 import AppComponent from '#build/app-component.mjs'
 import ErrorComponent from '#build/error-component.mjs'

-const IslandRenderer = process.server
+const IslandRenderer = import.meta.server
  ? defineAsyncComponent(() => import('./island-renderer').then(r => r.default || r))
  : () => null

 const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
 const onResolve = nuxtApp.deferHydration()

-const url = process.server ? nuxtApp.ssrContext.url : window.location.pathname
-const SingleRenderer = process.test && process.dev && process.server && url.startsWith('/__nuxt_component_test__/') && /* #__PURE__ */ defineAsyncComponent(() => import('#build/test-component-wrapper.mjs')
-  .then(r => r.default(process.server ? url : window.location.href)))
+const url = import.meta.server ? nuxtApp.ssrContext.url : window.location.pathname
+const SingleRenderer = import.meta.test && import.meta.dev && import.meta.server && url.startsWith('/__nuxt_component_test__/') && /* #__PURE__ */ defineAsyncComponent(() => import('#build/test-component-wrapper.mjs')
+  .then(r => r.default(import.meta.server ? url : window.location.href)))

 // Inject default route (outside of pages) as active route
 provide(PageRouteSymbol, useRoute())

 // vue:setup hook
 const results = nuxtApp.hooks.callHookWith(hooks => hooks.map(hook => hook()), 'vue:setup')
-if (process.dev && results && results.some(i => i && 'then' in i)) {
+if (import.meta.dev && results && results.some(i => i && 'then' in i)) {
  console.error('[nuxt] Error in `vue:setup`. Callbacks must be synchronous.')
 }

@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ if (process.dev && results && results.some(i => i && 'then' in i)) {
 const error = useError()
 onErrorCaptured((err, target, info) => {
  nuxtApp.hooks.callHook('vue:error', err, target, info).catch(hookError => console.error('[nuxt] Error in `vue:error` hook', hookError))
-  if (process.server || (isNuxtError(err) && (err.fatal || err.unhandled))) {
+  if (import.meta.server || (isNuxtError(err) && (err.fatal || err.unhandled))) {
    const p = nuxtApp.runWithContext(() => showError(err))
    onServerPrefetch(() => p)
    return false // suppress error from breaking render
@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ onErrorCaptured((err, target, info) => {
 })

 // Component islands context
-const { islandContext } = process.server && nuxtApp.ssrContext
+const islandContext = import.meta.server && nuxtApp.ssrContext.islandContext
 </script>
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/route-provider.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/route-provider.ts
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ export const RouteProvider = defineComponent({
    provide(PageRouteSymbol, shallowReactive(route))

    let vnode: VNode
-    if (process.dev && process.client && props.trackRootNodes) {
+    if (import.meta.dev && import.meta.client && props.trackRootNodes) {
      onMounted(() => {
        nextTick(() => {
          if (['#comment', '#text'].includes(vnode?.el?.nodeName)) {
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ export const RouteProvider = defineComponent({
    }

    return () => {
-      if (process.dev && process.client) {
+      if (import.meta.dev && import.meta.client) {
        vnode = h(props.vnode, { ref: props.vnodeRef })
        return vnode
      }
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/components/utils.ts
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ export function vforToArray (source: any): any[] {
  } else if (isString(source)) {
    return source.split('')
  } else if (typeof source === 'number') {
-    if (process.dev && !Number.isInteger(source)) {
+    if (import.meta.dev && !Number.isInteger(source)) {
      console.warn(`The v-for range expect an integer value but got ${source}.`)
    }
    const array = []
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/asyncData.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/asyncData.ts
@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ export function useAsyncData<
  const fetchOnServer = options.server !== false && nuxt.payload.serverRendered

  // Server side
-  if (process.server && fetchOnServer && options.immediate) {
+  if (import.meta.server && fetchOnServer && options.immediate) {
    const promise = initialFetch()
    if (getCurrentInstance()) {
      onServerPrefetch(() => promise)
@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ export function useAsyncData<
  }

  // Client side
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    // Setup hook callbacks once per instance
    const instance = getCurrentInstance()
    if (instance && !instance._nuxtOnBeforeMountCbs) {
@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ export function useNuxtData<DataT = any> (key: string): { data: Ref<DataT | null
 }

 export async function refreshNuxtData (keys?: string | string[]): Promise<void> {
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    return Promise.resolve()
  }

--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/chunk.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/chunk.ts
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export interface ReloadNuxtAppOptions {
 }

 export function reloadNuxtApp (options: ReloadNuxtAppOptions = {}) {
-  if (process.server) { return }
+  if (import.meta.server) { return }
  const path = options.path || window.location.pathname

  let handledPath: Record<string, any> = {}
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/component.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/component.ts
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ async function runLegacyAsyncData (res: Record<string, any> | Promise<Record<str
  }
  if (data.value && typeof data.value === 'object') {
    Object.assign(await res, toRefs(reactive(data.value)))
-  } else if (process.dev) {
+  } else if (import.meta.dev) {
    console.warn('[nuxt] asyncData should return an object', data)
  }
 }
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/cookie.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/cookie.ts
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ export function useCookie<T = string | null | undefined> (name: string, _opts?:

  const cookie = ref<T | undefined>(cookies[name] as any ?? opts.default?.())

-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    const channel = typeof BroadcastChannel === 'undefined' ? null : new BroadcastChannel(`nuxt:cookies:${name}`)
    if (getCurrentInstance()) { onUnmounted(() => { channel?.close() }) }

@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ export function useCookie<T = string | null | undefined> (name: string, _opts?:
    } else {
      callback()
    }
-  } else if (process.server) {
+  } else if (import.meta.server) {
    const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
    const writeFinalCookieValue = () => {
      if (!isEqual(cookie.value, cookies[name])) {
@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ export function useCookie<T = string | null | undefined> (name: string, _opts?:
 }

 function readRawCookies (opts: CookieOptions = {}): Record<string, string> | undefined {
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    return parse(useRequestEvent()?.node.req.headers.cookie || '', opts)
-  } else if (process.client) {
+  } else if (import.meta.client) {
    return parse(document.cookie, opts)
  }
 }
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ function serializeCookie (name: string, value: any, opts: CookieSerializeOptions
 }

 function writeClientCookie (name: string, value: any, opts: CookieSerializeOptions = {}) {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    document.cookie = serializeCookie(name, value, opts)
  }
 }
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/error.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/error.ts
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export const showError = (_err: string | Error | Partial<NuxtError>) => {
  try {
    const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
    const error = useError()
-    if (process.client) {
+    if (import.meta.client) {
      nuxtApp.hooks.callHook('app:error', err)
    }
    error.value = error.value || err
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/fetch.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/fetch.ts
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ export function useFetch<
    const isLocalFetch = typeof _request.value === 'string' && _request.value.startsWith('/')
    let _$fetch = opts.$fetch || globalThis.$fetch
    // Use fetch with request context and headers for server direct API calls
-    if (process.server && !opts.$fetch && isLocalFetch) {
+    if (import.meta.server && !opts.$fetch && isLocalFetch) {
      _$fetch = useRequestFetch()
    }

--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/hydrate.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/hydrate.ts
@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ import type { NuxtPayload } from '#app'
 export const useHydration = <K extends keyof NuxtPayload, T = NuxtPayload[K]> (key: K, get: () => T, set: (value: T) => void) => {
  const nuxt = useNuxtApp()

-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    nuxt.hooks.hook('app:rendered', () => {
      nuxt.payload[key] = get()
    })
  }

-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    nuxt.hooks.hook('app:created', () => {
      set(nuxt.payload[key] as T)
    })
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/payload.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/payload.ts
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ interface LoadPayloadOptions {
 }

 export function loadPayload (url: string, opts: LoadPayloadOptions = {}): Record<string, any> | Promise<Record<string, any>> | null {
-  if (process.server) { return null }
+  if (import.meta.server) { return null }
  const payloadURL = _getPayloadURL(url, opts)
  const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
  const cache = nuxtApp._payloadCache = nuxtApp._payloadCache || {}
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ function _getPayloadURL (url: string, opts: LoadPayloadOptions = {}) {
 }

 async function _importPayload (payloadURL: string) {
-  if (process.server) { return null }
+  if (import.meta.server) { return null }
  try {
    return renderJsonPayloads
      ? parsePayload(await fetch(payloadURL).then(res => res.text()))
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ export function isPrerendered () {

 let payloadCache: any = null
 export async function getNuxtClientPayload () {
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    return
  }
  if (payloadCache) {
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ export function definePayloadReducer (
  name: string,
  reduce: (data: any) => any
 ) {
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    useNuxtApp().ssrContext!._payloadReducers[name] = reduce
  }
 }
@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ export function definePayloadReviver (
  name: string,
  revive: (data: string) => any | undefined
 ) {
-  if (process.dev && getCurrentInstance()) {
+  if (import.meta.dev && getCurrentInstance()) {
    console.warn('[nuxt] [definePayloadReviver] This function must be called in a Nuxt plugin that is `unshift`ed to the beginning of the Nuxt plugins array.')
  }
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    useNuxtApp()._payloadRevivers[name] = revive
  }
 }
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/preload.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/preload.ts
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { useRouter } from './router'
 * @param components Pascal-cased name or names of components to prefetch
 */
 export const preloadComponents = async (components: string | string[]) => {
-  if (process.server) { return }
+  if (import.meta.server) { return }
  const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()

  components = Array.isArray(components) ? components : [components]
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ function _loadAsyncComponent (component: Component) {
 }

 export async function preloadRouteComponents (to: RouteLocationRaw, router: Router & { _routePreloaded?: Set<string>; _preloadPromises?: Array<Promise<any>> } = useRouter()): Promise<void> {
-  if (process.server) { return }
+  if (import.meta.server) { return }

  const { path, matched } = router.resolve(to)

--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/ready.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/ready.ts
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { useNuxtApp } from '../nuxt'
 import { requestIdleCallback } from '../compat/idle-callback'

 export const onNuxtReady = (callback: () => any) => {
-  if (process.server) { return }
+  if (import.meta.server) { return }

  const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
  if (nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/router.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/router.ts
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export const useRouter: typeof _useRouter = () => {
 }

 export const useRoute: typeof _useRoute = () => {
-  if (process.dev && isProcessingMiddleware()) {
+  if (import.meta.dev && isProcessingMiddleware()) {
    console.warn('[nuxt] Calling `useRoute` within middleware may lead to misleading results. Instead, use the (to, from) arguments passed to the middleware to access the new and old routes.')
  }
  if (hasInjectionContext()) {
@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ export const navigateTo = (to: RouteLocationRaw | undefined | null, options?: Na

  // Early open handler
  if (options?.open) {
-    if (process.client) {
+    if (import.meta.client) {
      const { target = '_blank', windowFeatures = {} } = options.open

      const features = Object.entries(windowFeatures)
@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ export const navigateTo = (to: RouteLocationRaw | undefined | null, options?: Na
  const inMiddleware = isProcessingMiddleware()

  // Early redirect on client-side
-  if (process.client && !isExternal && inMiddleware) {
+  if (import.meta.client && !isExternal && inMiddleware) {
    return to
  }

@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ export const navigateTo = (to: RouteLocationRaw | undefined | null, options?: Na

  const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()

-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    if (nuxtApp.ssrContext) {
      const fullPath = typeof to === 'string' || isExternal ? toPath : router.resolve(to).fullPath || '/'
      const location = isExternal ? toPath : joinURL(useRuntimeConfig().app.baseURL, fullPath)
@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ export const navigateTo = (to: RouteLocationRaw | undefined | null, options?: Na

 /** This will abort navigation within a Nuxt route middleware handler. */
 export const abortNavigation = (err?: string | Partial<NuxtError>) => {
-  if (process.dev && !isProcessingMiddleware()) {
+  if (import.meta.dev && !isProcessingMiddleware()) {
    throw new Error('abortNavigation() is only usable inside a route middleware handler.')
  }

@ -222,18 +222,18 @@ export const abortNavigation = (err?: string | Partial<NuxtError>) => {
 }

 export const setPageLayout = (layout: unknown extends PageMeta['layout'] ? string : PageMeta['layout']) => {
-  if (process.server) {
-    if (process.dev && getCurrentInstance() && useState('_layout').value !== layout) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
+    if (import.meta.dev && getCurrentInstance() && useState('_layout').value !== layout) {
      console.warn('[warn] [nuxt] `setPageLayout` should not be called to change the layout on the server within a component as this will cause hydration errors.')
    }
    useState('_layout').value = layout
  }
  const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
-  if (process.dev && nuxtApp.isHydrating && nuxtApp.payload.serverRendered && useState('_layout').value !== layout) {
+  if (import.meta.dev && nuxtApp.isHydrating && nuxtApp.payload.serverRendered && useState('_layout').value !== layout) {
    console.warn('[warn] [nuxt] `setPageLayout` should not be called to change the layout during hydration as this will cause hydration errors.')
  }
  const inMiddleware = isProcessingMiddleware()
-  if (inMiddleware || process.server || nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
+  if (inMiddleware || import.meta.server || nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
    const unsubscribe = useRouter().beforeResolve((to) => {
      to.meta.layout = layout as Exclude<PageMeta['layout'], Ref | false>
      unsubscribe()
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/ssr.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/ssr.ts
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { useNuxtApp } from '../nuxt'
 export function useRequestHeaders<K extends string = string> (include: K[]): { [key in Lowercase<K>]?: string }
 export function useRequestHeaders (): Readonly<Record<string, string>>
 export function useRequestHeaders (include?: any[]) {
-  if (process.client) { return {} }
+  if (import.meta.client) { return {} }
  const headers = useNuxtApp().ssrContext?.event.node.req.headers ?? {}
  if (!include) { return headers }
  return Object.fromEntries(include.map(key => key.toLowerCase()).filter(key => headers[key]).map(key => [key, headers[key]]))
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export function useRequestEvent (nuxtApp: NuxtApp = useNuxtApp()): H3Event {
 }

 export function useRequestFetch (): typeof global.$fetch {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return globalThis.$fetch
  }
  const event = useNuxtApp().ssrContext?.event as H3Event
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ export function setResponseStatus (event: H3Event, code?: number, message?: stri
 /** @deprecated Pass `event` as first option. */
 export function setResponseStatus (code: number, message?: string): void
 export function setResponseStatus (arg1: H3Event | number | undefined, arg2?: number | string, arg3?: string) {
-  if (process.client) { return }
+  if (import.meta.client) { return }
  if (arg1 && typeof arg1 !== 'number') {
    return _setResponseStatus(arg1, arg2 as number | undefined, arg3)
  }
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/url.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/composables/url.ts
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { useRequestEvent } from './ssr'
 import { useRuntimeConfig } from '#app'

 export function useRequestURL () {
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    const url = getRequestURL(useRequestEvent())
    url.pathname = joinURL(useRuntimeConfig().app.baseURL, url.pathname)
    return url
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/config.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/config.ts
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ function deepAssign (obj: any, newObj: any) {
 export function useAppConfig (): AppConfig {
  const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
  if (!nuxtApp._appConfig) {
-    nuxtApp._appConfig = (process.server ? klona(__appConfig) : reactive(__appConfig)) as AppConfig
+    nuxtApp._appConfig = (import.meta.server ? klona(__appConfig) : reactive(__appConfig)) as AppConfig
  }
  return nuxtApp._appConfig
 }
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ export function updateAppConfig (appConfig: DeepPartial<AppConfig>) {
 }

 // HMR Support
-if (process.dev) {
+if (import.meta.dev) {
  function applyHMR (newConfig: AppConfig) {
    const appConfig = useAppConfig()
    if (newConfig && appConfig) {
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/entry.async.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/entry.async.ts
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import type { CreateOptions } from '#app'

-const entry = process.server
+const entry = import.meta.server
  ? (ctx?: CreateOptions['ssrContext']) => import('#app/entry').then(m => m.default(ctx))
  : () => import('#app/entry').then(m => m.default)

-if (process.client) {
+if (import.meta.client) {
  entry()
 }

--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/entry.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/entry.ts
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ if (!globalThis.$fetch) {

 let entry: Function

-if (process.server) {
+if (import.meta.server) {
  entry = async function createNuxtAppServer (ssrContext: CreateOptions['ssrContext']) {
    const vueApp = createApp(RootComponent)

@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ if (process.server) {
  }
 }

-if (process.client) {
+if (import.meta.client) {
  // TODO: temporary webpack 5 HMR fix
  // https://github.com/webpack-contrib/webpack-hot-middleware/issues/390
-  if (process.dev && import.meta.webpackHot) {
+  if (import.meta.dev && import.meta.webpackHot) {
    import.meta.webpackHot.accept()
  }

--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/nuxt.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/nuxt.ts
@ -210,13 +210,13 @@ export function createNuxtApp (options: CreateOptions) {
      data: {},
      state: {},
      _errors: {},
-      ...(process.client ? window.__NUXT__ ?? {} : { serverRendered: true })
+      ...(import.meta.client ? window.__NUXT__ ?? {} : { serverRendered: true })
    }),
    static: {
      data: {}
    },
    runWithContext: (fn: any) => callWithNuxt(nuxtApp, fn),
-    isHydrating: process.client,
+    isHydrating: import.meta.client,
    deferHydration () {
      if (!nuxtApp.isHydrating) { return () => {} }

@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ export function createNuxtApp (options: CreateOptions) {
  nuxtApp.hooks = createHooks<RuntimeNuxtHooks>()
  nuxtApp.hook = nuxtApp.hooks.hook

-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    async function contextCaller (hooks: HookCallback[], args: any[]) {
      for (const hook of hooks) {
        await nuxtApp.runWithContext(() => hook(...args))
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ export function createNuxtApp (options: CreateOptions) {
  defineGetter(nuxtApp.vueApp, '$nuxt', nuxtApp)
  defineGetter(nuxtApp.vueApp.config.globalProperties, '$nuxt', nuxtApp)

-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    if (nuxtApp.ssrContext) {
      // Expose nuxt to the renderContext
      nuxtApp.ssrContext.nuxt = nuxtApp
@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ export function createNuxtApp (options: CreateOptions) {
  }

  // Listen to chunk load errors
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    window.addEventListener('nuxt.preloadError', (event) => {
      nuxtApp.callHook('app:chunkError', { error: (event as Event & { payload: Error }).payload })
    })
@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ export function createNuxtApp (options: CreateOptions) {
  }

  // Expose runtime config
-  const runtimeConfig = process.server ? options.ssrContext!.runtimeConfig : reactive(nuxtApp.payload.config!)
+  const runtimeConfig = import.meta.server ? options.ssrContext!.runtimeConfig : reactive(nuxtApp.payload.config!)
  nuxtApp.provide('config', runtimeConfig)

  return nuxtApp
@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ export async function applyPlugins (nuxtApp: NuxtApp, plugins: Array<Plugin & Ob
  const parallels: Promise<any>[] = []
  const errors: Error[] = []
  for (const plugin of plugins) {
-    if (process.server && nuxtApp.ssrContext?.islandContext && plugin.env?.islands === false) { continue }
+    if (import.meta.server && nuxtApp.ssrContext?.islandContext && plugin.env?.islands === false) { continue }
    const promise = applyPlugin(nuxtApp, plugin)
    if (plugin.parallel) {
      parallels.push(promise.catch(e => errors.push(e)))
@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ export function isNuxtPlugin (plugin: unknown) {
 */
 export function callWithNuxt<T extends (...args: any[]) => any> (nuxt: NuxtApp | _NuxtApp, setup: T, args?: Parameters<T>) {
  const fn: () => ReturnType<T> = () => args ? setup(...args as Parameters<T>) : setup()
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    return nuxt.vueApp.runWithContext(() => nuxtAppCtx.callAsync(nuxt as NuxtApp, fn))
  } else {
    // In client side we could assume nuxt app is singleton
@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ export function useNuxtApp (): NuxtApp {
  nuxtAppInstance = nuxtAppInstance || nuxtAppCtx.tryUse()

  if (!nuxtAppInstance) {
-    if (process.dev) {
+    if (import.meta.dev) {
      throw new Error('[nuxt] A composable that requires access to the Nuxt instance was called outside of a plugin, Nuxt hook, Nuxt middleware, or Vue setup function. This is probably not a Nuxt bug. Find out more at `https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/concepts/auto-imports#using-vue-and-nuxt-composables`.')
    } else {
      throw new Error('[nuxt] instance unavailable')
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/plugins/router.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/plugins/router.ts
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ export default defineNuxtPlugin<{ route: Route, router: Router }>({
  name: 'nuxt:router',
  enforce: 'pre',
  setup (nuxtApp) {
-    const initialURL = process.client
+    const initialURL = import.meta.client
      ? withoutBase(window.location.pathname, useRuntimeConfig().app.baseURL) + window.location.search + window.location.hash
      : nuxtApp.ssrContext!.url

@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ export default defineNuxtPlugin<{ route: Route, router: Router }>({
        }
        // Perform navigation
        Object.assign(route, to)
-        if (process.client) {
+        if (import.meta.client) {
          window.history[replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, '', joinURL(baseURL, to.fullPath))
          if (!nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
            // Clear any existing errors
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ export default defineNuxtPlugin<{ route: Route, router: Router }>({
          await middleware(to, route)
        }
      } catch (err) {
-        if (process.dev && !hooks.error.length) {
+        if (import.meta.dev && !hooks.error.length) {
          console.warn('No error handlers registered to handle middleware errors. You can register an error handler with `router.onError()`', err)
        }
        for (const handler of hooks.error) {
@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ export default defineNuxtPlugin<{ route: Route, router: Router }>({
      }
    })

-    if (process.client) {
+    if (import.meta.client) {
      window.addEventListener('popstate', (event) => {
        const location = (event.target as Window).location
        router.replace(location.href.replace(location.origin, ''))
@ -235,12 +235,12 @@ export default defineNuxtPlugin<{ route: Route, router: Router }>({
        }
        nuxtApp._processingMiddleware = true

-        if (process.client || !nuxtApp.ssrContext?.islandContext) {
+        if (import.meta.client || !nuxtApp.ssrContext?.islandContext) {
          const middlewareEntries = new Set<RouteGuard>([...globalMiddleware, ...nuxtApp._middleware.global])

          for (const middleware of middlewareEntries) {
            const result = await nuxtApp.runWithContext(() => middleware(to, from))
-            if (process.server) {
+            if (import.meta.server) {
              if (result === false || result instanceof Error) {
                const error = result || createError({
                  statusCode: 404,
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/app/types/augments.d.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/app/types/augments.d.ts
@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 import type { NuxtApp, useNuxtApp } from '../nuxt'

+interface NuxtStaticBuildFlags {
+  browser: boolean
+  client: boolean
+  dev: boolean
+  server: boolean
+  test: boolean
+}
+
 declare global {
  namespace NodeJS {
-    interface Process {
-      browser: boolean
-      client: boolean
-      dev: boolean
-      mode: 'spa' | 'universal'
-      server: boolean
-      static: boolean
-    }
+    interface Process extends NuxtStaticBuildFlags {}
  }

+  interface ImportMeta extends NuxtStaticBuildFlags {}
+
  interface Window {
    __NUXT__?: Record<string, any>
    useNuxtApp?: typeof useNuxtApp
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/core/runtime/nitro/error.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/core/runtime/nitro/error.ts
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ export default <NitroErrorHandler> async function errorhandler (error: H3Error,
    statusCode,
    statusMessage,
    message,
-    stack: process.dev && statusCode !== 404
+    stack: import.meta.dev && statusCode !== 404
      ? `<pre>${stack.map(i => `<span class="stack${i.internal ? ' internal' : ''}">${i.text}</span>`).join('\n')}</pre>`
      : '',
    data: error.data
@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ export default <NitroErrorHandler> async function errorhandler (error: H3Error,

  // Fallback to static rendered error page
  if (!res) {
-    const { template } = process.dev
+    const { template } = import.meta.dev
      // @ts-expect-error TODO: add legacy type support for subpath imports
      ? await import('@nuxt/ui-templates/templates/error-dev.mjs')
      // @ts-expect-error TODO: add legacy type support for subpath imports
      : await import('@nuxt/ui-templates/templates/error-500.mjs')
-    if (process.dev) {
+    if (import.meta.dev) {
      // TODO: Support `message` in template
      (errorObject as any).description = errorObject.message
    }
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/core/runtime/nitro/renderer.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/core/runtime/nitro/renderer.ts
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ const getSSRRenderer = lazyCachedFunction(async () => {
  async function renderToString (input: RenderToStringParams[0], context: RenderToStringParams[1]) {
    const html = await _renderToString(input, context)
    // In development with vite-node, the manifest is on-demand and will be available after rendering
-    if (process.dev && process.env.NUXT_VITE_NODE_OPTIONS) {
+    if (import.meta.dev && process.env.NUXT_VITE_NODE_OPTIONS) {
      renderer.rendererContext.updateManifest(await getClientManifest())
    }
    return `<${appRootTag} id="${appRootId}">${html}</${appRootTag}>`
@ -155,14 +155,14 @@ const getSPARenderer = lazyCachedFunction(async () => {
  }
 })

-const payloadCache = process.env.prerender ? useStorage('internal:nuxt:prerender:payload') : null
-const islandCache = process.env.prerender ? useStorage('internal:nuxt:prerender:island') : null
-const islandPropCache = process.env.prerender ? useStorage('internal:nuxt:prerender:island-props') : null
+const payloadCache = import.meta.prerender ? useStorage('internal:nuxt:prerender:payload') : null
+const islandCache = import.meta.prerender ? useStorage('internal:nuxt:prerender:island') : null
+const islandPropCache = import.meta.prerender ? useStorage('internal:nuxt:prerender:island-props') : null

 async function getIslandContext (event: H3Event): Promise<NuxtIslandContext> {
  // TODO: Strict validation for url
  let url = event.node.req.url || ''
-  if (process.env.prerender && event.node.req.url && await islandPropCache!.hasItem(event.node.req.url)) {
+  if (import.meta.prerender && event.node.req.url && await islandPropCache!.hasItem(event.node.req.url)) {
    // rehydrate props from cache so we can rerender island if cache does not have it any more
    url = await islandPropCache!.getItem(event.node.req.url) as string
  }
@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ export default defineRenderHandler(async (event): Promise<Partial<RenderResponse
    ? await getIslandContext(event)
    : undefined

-  if (process.env.prerender && islandContext && event.node.req.url && await islandCache!.hasItem(event.node.req.url)) {
+  if (import.meta.prerender && islandContext && event.node.req.url && await islandCache!.hasItem(event.node.req.url)) {
    return islandCache!.getItem(event.node.req.url) as Promise<Partial<RenderResponse>>
  }

@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ export default defineRenderHandler(async (event): Promise<Partial<RenderResponse
  if (isRenderingPayload) {
    url = url.substring(0, url.lastIndexOf('/')) || '/'
    event.node.req.url = url
-    if (process.env.prerender && await payloadCache!.hasItem(url)) {
+    if (import.meta.prerender && await payloadCache!.hasItem(url)) {
      return payloadCache!.getItem(url) as Promise<Partial<RenderResponse>>
    }
  }
@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ export default defineRenderHandler(async (event): Promise<Partial<RenderResponse
      !!(process.env.NUXT_NO_SSR) ||
      event.context.nuxt?.noSSR ||
      routeOptions.ssr === false ||
-      (process.env.prerender ? PRERENDER_NO_SSR_ROUTES.has(url) : false),
+      (import.meta.prerender ? PRERENDER_NO_SSR_ROUTES.has(url) : false),
    head,
    error: !!ssrError,
    nuxt: undefined!, /* NuxtApp */
@ -255,9 +255,9 @@ export default defineRenderHandler(async (event): Promise<Partial<RenderResponse
  }

  // Whether we are prerendering route
-  const _PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION = process.env.prerender && process.env.NUXT_PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION && !ssrContext.noSSR && !islandContext
+  const _PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION = import.meta.prerender && process.env.NUXT_PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION && !ssrContext.noSSR && !islandContext
  const payloadURL = _PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION ? joinURL(useRuntimeConfig().app.baseURL, url, process.env.NUXT_JSON_PAYLOADS ? '_payload.json' : '_payload.js') : undefined
-  if (process.env.prerender) {
+  if (import.meta.prerender) {
    ssrContext.payload.prerenderedAt = Date.now()
  }

@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ export default defineRenderHandler(async (event): Promise<Partial<RenderResponse
  const renderer = (process.env.NUXT_NO_SSR || ssrContext.noSSR) ? await getSPARenderer() : await getSSRRenderer()

  // Render 103 Early Hints
-  if (process.env.NUXT_EARLY_HINTS && !isRenderingPayload && !process.env.prerender) {
+  if (process.env.NUXT_EARLY_HINTS && !isRenderingPayload && !import.meta.prerender) {
    const { link } = renderResourceHeaders({}, renderer.rendererContext)
    writeEarlyHints(event, link)
  }
@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ export default defineRenderHandler(async (event): Promise<Partial<RenderResponse
  // Directly render payload routes
  if (isRenderingPayload) {
    const response = renderPayloadResponse(ssrContext)
-    if (process.env.prerender) {
+    if (import.meta.prerender) {
      await payloadCache!.setItem(url, response)
    }
    return response
@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ export default defineRenderHandler(async (event): Promise<Partial<RenderResponse
        'x-powered-by': 'Nuxt'
      }
    } satisfies RenderResponse
-    if (process.env.prerender) {
+    if (import.meta.prerender) {
      await islandCache!.setItem(`/__nuxt_island/${islandContext!.name}_${islandContext!.id}`, response)
      await islandPropCache!.setItem(`/__nuxt_island/${islandContext!.name}_${islandContext!.id}`, event.node.req.url!)
    }
@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ function renderPayloadJsonScript (opts: { id: string, ssrContext: NuxtSSRContext

 function renderPayloadScript (opts: { ssrContext: NuxtSSRContext, data?: any, src?: string }): Script[] {
  opts.data.config = opts.ssrContext.config
-  const _PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION = process.env.prerender && process.env.NUXT_PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION && !opts.ssrContext.noSSR
+  const _PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION = import.meta.prerender && process.env.NUXT_PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION && !opts.ssrContext.noSSR
  if (_PAYLOAD_EXTRACTION) {
    return [
      {
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/core/templates.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/core/templates.ts
@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ export const publicPathTemplate: NuxtTemplate = {
      '}',

      // On server these are registered directly in packages/nuxt/src/core/runtime/nitro/renderer.ts
-      'if (process.client) {',
+      'if (import.meta.client) {',
      '  globalThis.__buildAssetsURL = buildAssetsURL',
      '  globalThis.__publicAssetsURL = publicAssetsURL',
      '}'
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/head/runtime/components.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/head/runtime/components.ts
@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ export const Title = defineComponent({
  name: 'Title',
  inheritAttrs: false,
  setup: setupForUseMeta((_, { slots }) => {
-    if (process.dev) {
+    if (import.meta.dev) {
      const defaultSlot = slots.default?.()

      if (defaultSlot && (defaultSlot.length > 1 || typeof defaultSlot[0].children !== 'string')) {
@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ export const Style = defineComponent({
    const style = { ...props }
    const textContent = slots.default?.()?.[0]?.children
    if (textContent) {
-      if (process.dev && typeof textContent !== 'string') {
+      if (import.meta.dev && typeof textContent !== 'string') {
        console.error('<Style> can only take a string in its default slot.')
      }
      style.children = textContent
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/head/runtime/plugins/unhead.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/head/runtime/plugins/unhead.ts
@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ import { defineNuxtPlugin } from '#app/nuxt'
 export default defineNuxtPlugin({
  name: 'nuxt:head',
  setup (nuxtApp) {
-    const head = process.server ? nuxtApp.ssrContext!.head : createClientHead()
+    const head = import.meta.server ? nuxtApp.ssrContext!.head : createClientHead()
    // nuxt.config appHead is set server-side within the renderer
    nuxtApp.vueApp.use(head)

-    if (process.client) {
+    if (import.meta.client) {
      // pause dom updates until page is ready and between page transitions
      let pauseDOMUpdates = true
      const unpauseDom = () => {
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/imports/module.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/imports/module.ts
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export default defineNuxtModule<Partial<ImportsOptions>>({
    // Support for importing from '#imports'
    addTemplate({
      filename: 'imports.mjs',
-      getContents: async () => await ctx.toExports() + '\nif (process.dev) { console.warn("[nuxt] `#imports` should be transformed with real imports. There seems to be something wrong with the imports plugin.") }'
+      getContents: async () => await ctx.toExports() + '\nif (import.meta.dev) { console.warn("[nuxt] `#imports` should be transformed with real imports. There seems to be something wrong with the imports plugin.") }'
    })
    nuxt.options.alias['#imports'] = join(nuxt.options.buildDir, 'imports')

--- a/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/composables.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/composables.ts
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const warnRuntimeUsage = (method: string) =>

 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
 export const definePageMeta = (meta: PageMeta): void => {
-  if (process.dev) {
+  if (import.meta.dev) {
    const component = getCurrentInstance()?.type
    try {
      const isRouteComponent = component && useRoute().matched.some(p => Object.values(p.components || {}).includes(component))
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/page-placeholder.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/page-placeholder.ts
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { devPagesDir } from '#build/nuxt.config.mjs'
 export default defineComponent({
  name: 'NuxtPage',
  setup (_, props) {
-    if (process.dev) {
+    if (import.meta.dev) {
      console.warn(`Create a Vue component in the \`${devPagesDir}/\` directory to enable \`<NuxtPage>\``)
    }
    return () => props.slots.default?.()
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/page.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/page.ts
@ -51,24 +51,24 @@ export default defineComponent({
    return () => {
      return h(RouterView, { name: props.name, route: props.route, ...attrs }, {
        default: (routeProps: RouterViewSlotProps) => {
-          const isRenderingNewRouteInOldFork = process.client && haveParentRoutesRendered(forkRoute, routeProps.route, routeProps.Component)
-          const hasSameChildren = process.client && forkRoute && forkRoute.matched.length === routeProps.route.matched.length
+          const isRenderingNewRouteInOldFork = import.meta.client && haveParentRoutesRendered(forkRoute, routeProps.route, routeProps.Component)
+          const hasSameChildren = import.meta.client && forkRoute && forkRoute.matched.length === routeProps.route.matched.length

          if (!routeProps.Component) {
            // If we're rendering a `<NuxtPage>` child route on navigation to a route which lacks a child page
            // we'll render the old vnode until the new route finishes resolving
-            if (process.client && vnode && !hasSameChildren) {
+            if (import.meta.client && vnode && !hasSameChildren) {
              return vnode
            }
            return
          }

          // Return old vnode if we are rendering _new_ page suspense fork in _old_ layout suspense fork
-          if (process.client && vnode && _layoutMeta && !_layoutMeta.isCurrent(routeProps.route)) {
+          if (import.meta.client && vnode && _layoutMeta && !_layoutMeta.isCurrent(routeProps.route)) {
            return vnode
          }

-          if (process.client && isRenderingNewRouteInOldFork && forkRoute && (!_layoutMeta || _layoutMeta?.isCurrent(forkRoute))) {
+          if (import.meta.client && isRenderingNewRouteInOldFork && forkRoute && (!_layoutMeta || _layoutMeta?.isCurrent(forkRoute))) {
            // if leaving a route with an existing child route, render the old vnode
            if (hasSameChildren) {
              return vnode
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/plugins/router.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/plugins/router.ts
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ const plugin: Plugin<{ router: Router }> = defineNuxtPlugin({
      routerBase += '#'
    }

-    const history = routerOptions.history?.(routerBase) ?? (process.client
+    const history = routerOptions.history?.(routerBase) ?? (import.meta.client
      ? (routerOptions.hashMode ? createWebHashHistory(routerBase) : createWebHistory(routerBase))
      : createMemoryHistory(routerBase)
    )
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ const plugin: Plugin<{ router: Router }> = defineNuxtPlugin({
    const routes = routerOptions.routes?.(_routes) ?? _routes

    let startPosition: Parameters<RouterScrollBehavior>[2] | null
-    const initialURL = process.server
+    const initialURL = import.meta.server
      ? nuxtApp.ssrContext!.url
      : createCurrentLocation(routerBase, window.location, nuxtApp.payload.path)

@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ const plugin: Plugin<{ router: Router }> = defineNuxtPlugin({
    const error = useError()

    try {
-      if (process.server) {
+      if (import.meta.server) {
        await router.push(initialURL)
      }

@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ const plugin: Plugin<{ router: Router }> = defineNuxtPlugin({
      }
      nuxtApp._processingMiddleware = true

-      if (process.client || !nuxtApp.ssrContext?.islandContext) {
+      if (import.meta.client || !nuxtApp.ssrContext?.islandContext) {
        type MiddlewareDef = string | RouteMiddleware
        const middlewareEntries = new Set<MiddlewareDef>([...globalMiddleware, ...nuxtApp._middleware.global])
        for (const component of to.matched) {
@ -161,14 +161,14 @@ const plugin: Plugin<{ router: Router }> = defineNuxtPlugin({
          const middleware = typeof entry === 'string' ? nuxtApp._middleware.named[entry] || await namedMiddleware[entry]?.().then((r: any) => r.default || r) : entry

          if (!middleware) {
-            if (process.dev) {
+            if (import.meta.dev) {
              throw new Error(`Unknown route middleware: '${entry}'. Valid middleware: ${Object.keys(namedMiddleware).map(mw => `'${mw}'`).join(', ')}.`)
            }
            throw new Error(`Unknown route middleware: '${entry}'.`)
          }

          const result = await nuxtApp.runWithContext(() => middleware(to, from))
-          if (process.server || (!nuxtApp.payload.serverRendered && nuxtApp.isHydrating)) {
+          if (import.meta.server || (!nuxtApp.payload.serverRendered && nuxtApp.isHydrating)) {
            if (result === false || result instanceof Error) {
              const error = result || createError({
                statusCode: 404,
@ -191,20 +191,20 @@ const plugin: Plugin<{ router: Router }> = defineNuxtPlugin({
    router.afterEach(async (to, _from, failure) => {
      delete nuxtApp._processingMiddleware

-      if (process.client && !nuxtApp.isHydrating && error.value) {
+      if (import.meta.client && !nuxtApp.isHydrating && error.value) {
        // Clear any existing errors
        await nuxtApp.runWithContext(clearError)
      }
-      if (process.server && failure?.type === 4 /* ErrorTypes.NAVIGATION_ABORTED */) {
+      if (import.meta.server && failure?.type === 4 /* ErrorTypes.NAVIGATION_ABORTED */) {
        return
      }
-      if (to.matched.length === 0 && (!process.server || !nuxtApp.ssrContext?.islandContext)) {
+      if (to.matched.length === 0 && (!import.meta.server || !nuxtApp.ssrContext?.islandContext)) {
        await nuxtApp.runWithContext(() => showError(createError({
          statusCode: 404,
          fatal: false,
          statusMessage: `Page not found: ${to.fullPath}`
        })))
-      } else if (process.server && to.redirectedFrom && to.fullPath !== initialURL) {
+      } else if (import.meta.server && to.redirectedFrom && to.fullPath !== initialURL) {
        await nuxtApp.runWithContext(() => navigateTo(to.fullPath || '/'))
      }
    })
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/utils.ts
@ -19,5 +19,5 @@ export const generateRouteKey = (routeProps: RouterViewSlotProps, override?: str
 }

 export const wrapInKeepAlive = (props: any, children: any) => {
-  return { default: () => process.client && props ? h(KeepAlive, props === true ? {} : props, children) : children }
+  return { default: () => import.meta.client && props ? h(KeepAlive, props === true ? {} : props, children) : children }
 }
--- a/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/validate.ts
+++ b/packages/nuxt/src/pages/runtime/validate.ts
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export default defineNuxtRouteMiddleware(async (to) => {
  if (result === true) {
    return
  }
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    return result
  }
  const error = createError({
--- a/packages/nuxt/test/snapshots/treeshake-client.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/nuxt/test/snapshots/treeshake-client.test.ts.snap
--- a/packages/nuxt/test/fixture/components/client/WithClientOnlySetup.vue
+++ b/packages/nuxt/test/fixture/components/client/WithClientOnlySetup.vue
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ const ByeBye = defineAsyncComponent(() => import('./../some-glob.global.vue'))

 const NotDotClientComponent = defineAsyncComponent(() => import('./../some.island.vue'))
 const SomeIsland = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return (await import('./../some.island.vue'))
  }

@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ const SomeIsland = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
 })

 const NotToBeTreeShaken = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return (await import('./../HelloWorld.vue'))
  }

@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ const NotToBeTreeShaken = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
 })

 const { ObjectPattern } = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return (await import('./../HelloWorld.vue'))
  }

@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ const { ObjectPattern } = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
 })

 const { ObjectPattern: ObjectPatternDeclaration } = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return (await import('./../HelloWorld.vue'))
  }

@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ const { ObjectPattern: ObjectPatternDeclaration } = defineAsyncComponent(async (
 })

 const { ObjectPattern: Halllo, ButShouldNotBeTreeShaken } = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return (await import('./../HelloWorld.vue'))
  }

@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ const { ObjectPattern: Halllo, ButShouldNotBeTreeShaken } = defineAsyncComponent
 const isThis = {}

 const { woooooo, What = isThis } = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return (await import('./../HelloWorld.vue'))
  }

@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ const { woooooo, What = isThis } = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
 console.log(woooooo)

 const { Deep, assignment: { Pattern = ofComponent } } = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return (await import('./../HelloWorld.vue'))
  }

@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ const { Deep, assignment: { Pattern = ofComponent } } = defineAsyncComponent(asy
 })

 const [FromArray] = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return (await import('./../HelloWorld.vue'))
  }

@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ const [FromArray] = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
 })

 const [Please, { Dont, Doo }, That] = defineAsyncComponent(async () => {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    return (await import('./../HelloWorld.vue'))
  }

--- a/packages/vite/src/client.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/client.ts
@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ export async function buildClient (ctx: ViteBuildContext) {
      'process.env.NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify(ctx.config.mode),
      'process.server': false,
      'process.client': true,
+      'process.browser': true,
+      'process.nitro': false,
+      'process.prerender': false,
      'module.hot': false
    },
    optimizeDeps: {
--- a/packages/vite/src/runtime/vite-node.mjs
+++ b/packages/vite/src/runtime/vite-node.mjs
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ export default async (ssrContext) => {
  // Workaround for stub mode
  // https://github.com/nuxt/framework/pull/3983
  process.server = true
+  import.meta.server = true

  // Invalidate cache for files changed since last rendering
  const invalidates = await viteNodeFetch('/invalidates')
--- a/packages/vite/src/server.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/server.ts
@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ export async function buildServer (ctx: ViteBuildContext) {
    define: {
      'process.server': true,
      'process.client': false,
+      'process.browser': false,
      'typeof window': '"undefined"',
      'typeof document': '"undefined"',
      'typeof navigator': '"undefined"',
--- a/packages/vite/src/vite.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/vite.ts
@ -146,6 +146,12 @@ export async function bundle (nuxt: Nuxt) {

  await nuxt.callHook('vite:extend', ctx)

+  nuxt.hook('vite:extendConfig', (config) => {
+    config.plugins!.push(replace({
+      ...Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(config.define!).filter(([key]) => key.startsWith('process.')).map(([key, value]) => [key.replace('process.', 'import.meta.'), JSON.stringify(value)]))
+    }))
+  })
+
  if (!ctx.nuxt.options.dev) {
    const chunksWithInlinedCSS = new Set<string>()
    const clientCSSMap = {}
--- a/packages/webpack/src/presets/base.ts
+++ b/packages/webpack/src/presets/base.ts
@ -216,14 +216,18 @@ function getWarningIgnoreFilter (ctx: WebpackConfigContext): WarningFilter {
 function getEnv (ctx: WebpackConfigContext) {
  const _env: Record<string, string | boolean> = {
    'process.env.NODE_ENV': JSON.stringify(ctx.config.mode),
-    'process.mode': JSON.stringify(ctx.config.mode),
-    'process.dev': ctx.options.dev,
-    'process.test': isTest,
    __NUXT_VERSION__: JSON.stringify(ctx.nuxt._version),
    'process.env.VUE_ENV': JSON.stringify(ctx.name),
+    'process.dev': ctx.options.dev,
+    'process.test': isTest,
    'process.browser': ctx.isClient,
    'process.client': ctx.isClient,
-    'process.server': ctx.isServer
+    'process.server': ctx.isServer,
+    'import.meta.dev': ctx.options.dev,
+    'import.meta.test': isTest,
+    'import.meta.browser': ctx.isClient,
+    'import.meta.client': ctx.isClient,
+    'import.meta.server': ctx.isServer
  }

  if (ctx.userConfig.aggressiveCodeRemoval) {
--- a/packages/webpack/src/presets/esbuild.ts
+++ b/packages/webpack/src/presets/esbuild.ts
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ export function esbuild (ctx: WebpackConfigContext) {
  // https://esbuild.github.io/getting-started/#bundling-for-the-browser
  // https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-version-market-share
  // https://nodejs.org/en/
-  const target = ctx.isServer ? 'es2019' : 'chrome85'
+  const target = ctx.isServer ? 'es2020' : 'chrome85'

  // https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/issues/13052
  ctx.config.optimization!.minimizer!.push(new EsbuildPlugin())
--- a/test/bundle.test.ts
+++ b/test/bundle.test.ts
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe.skipIf(process.env.SKIP_BUNDLE_SIZE === 'true' || process.env.ECOSYSTEM
    const serverDir = join(rootDir, '.output/server')

    const serverStats = await analyzeSizes(['**/*.mjs', '!node_modules'], serverDir)
-    expect.soft(roundToKilobytes(serverStats.totalBytes)).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"64.4k"')
+    expect.soft(roundToKilobytes(serverStats.totalBytes)).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"64.5k"')

    const modules = await analyzeSizes('node_modules/**/*', serverDir)
    expect.soft(roundToKilobytes(modules.totalBytes)).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"2346k"')
--- a/test/fixtures/basic-types/modules/runtime/page.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic-types/modules/runtime/page.vue
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ definePageMeta({
  value: 'added in pages:extend'
 })

-if (process.server) {
+if (import.meta.server) {
  setResponseHeader(useRequestEvent(), 'x-extend', useRoute().meta.value as string)
 }
 </script>
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/composables/tree-shake.ts
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/composables/tree-shake.ts
@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 export function useServerOnlyComposable () {
-  if (process.client) {
+  if (import.meta.client) {
    throw new Error('this should not be called in the browser')
  }
 }

 export function useClientOnlyComposable () {
  // need to do some code that fails in node but not in the browser
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    throw new Error('this should not be called on the server')
  }
 }
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/middleware/redirect.global.ts
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/middleware/redirect.global.ts
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ export default defineNuxtRouteMiddleware(async (to) => {
    return false
  }
  const pluginPath = nuxtApp.$path()
-  if (process.server && !/redirect|navigate/.test(pluginPath) && to.path !== pluginPath) {
+  if (import.meta.server && !/redirect|navigate/.test(pluginPath) && to.path !== pluginPath) {
    throw new Error('plugin did not run before middleware')
  }
 })
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/modules/runtime/page.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/modules/runtime/page.vue
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ definePageMeta({
  value: 'added in pages:extend'
 })

-if (process.server) {
+if (import.meta.server) {
  setResponseHeader(useRequestEvent(), 'x-extend', useRoute().meta.value as string)
 }
 </script>
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/pages/chunk-error.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/pages/chunk-error.vue
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ definePageMeta({
  async middleware (to, from) {
    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1))
    const nuxtApp = useNuxtApp()
-    if (process.client && from !== to && !nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
+    if (import.meta.client && from !== to && !nuxtApp.isHydrating) {
      // trigger a loading error when navigated to via client-side navigation
      await import(/* webpackIgnore: true */ /* @vite-ignore */ `some-non-exis${''}ting-module`)
    }
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/pages/hydration/layout.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/pages/hydration/layout.vue
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ definePageMeta({
  layout: 'custom-async'
 })

-if (process.client && !useNuxtApp().isHydrating) {
+if (import.meta.client && !useNuxtApp().isHydrating) {
  throw createError({
    fatal: true,
    message: '`useNuxtApp().isHydrating` is false by the time we run page setup'
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/pages/json-payload.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/pages/json-payload.vue
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 const state = useState(() => shallowRef({} as Record<string, any>))
 const nonDisplayedState = useState(() => shallowRef({} as Record<string, any>))

-if (process.server) {
+if (import.meta.server) {
  const r = ref('')
  state.value.ref = r
  state.value.shallowReactive = shallowReactive({ nested: { ref: r } })
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/pages/keyed-composables/index.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/pages/keyed-composables/index.vue
@ -2,21 +2,21 @@
 import { useCustomKeyedComposable } from '~/other-composables-folder/custom-keyed-composable'

 const useLocalState = () => useState(() => {
-  if (process.client) { console.error('running usestate') }
+  if (import.meta.client) { console.error('running usestate') }
  return { foo: Math.random() }
 })
 const useStateTest1 = useLocalState()
 const useStateTest2 = useLocalState()

 const useLocalAsyncData = () => useAsyncData(() => {
-  if (process.client) { console.error('running asyncdata') }
+  if (import.meta.client) { console.error('running asyncdata') }
  return Promise.resolve({ foo: Math.random() })
 }, { transform: data => data.foo })
 const { data: useAsyncDataTest1 } = await useLocalAsyncData()
 const { data: useAsyncDataTest2 } = await useLocalAsyncData()

 const useLocalLazyAsyncData = () => useLazyAsyncData(() => {
-  if (process.client) { console.error('running asyncdata') }
+  if (import.meta.client) { console.error('running asyncdata') }
  return Promise.resolve({ foo: Math.random() })
 }, { transform: data => data.foo })
 const { data: useLazyAsyncDataTest1 } = await useLocalLazyAsyncData()
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ const { data: useLazyAsyncDataTest2 } = await useLocalLazyAsyncData()

 const useLocalFetch = () => useFetch('/api/counter', {
  transform: (data) => {
-    if (process.client) { console.error('running client-side transform') }
+    if (import.meta.client) { console.error('running client-side transform') }
    return data.count
  }
 })
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/pages/middleware-abort.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/pages/middleware-abort.vue
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 definePageMeta({
  middleware: () => {
-    if (process.server || useNuxtApp().isHydrating) { return }
+    if (import.meta.server || useNuxtApp().isHydrating) { return }
    return abortNavigation({
      fatal: true
    })
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/pages/nuxt-link/trailing-slash.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/pages/nuxt-link/trailing-slash.vue
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ const links = [
 const route = useRoute()
 const windowState = computed(() => {
  console.log(route.fullPath)
-  return process.client ? window.history.state.foo : ''
+  return import.meta.client ? window.history.state.foo : ''
 })
 </script>

--- a/test/fixtures/basic/pages/useAsyncData/immediate.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/pages/useAsyncData/immediate.vue
@ -15,18 +15,18 @@ if (called.value !== 0) {
  throw new Error('Handled should have not been called')
 }

-if (process.server && data.value !== null) {
+if (import.meta.server && data.value !== null) {
  throw new Error('Initial data should be null: ' + data.value)
 }

 await execute()
 await execute()

-if (process.server && called.value as number !== 2) {
+if (import.meta.server && called.value as number !== 2) {
  throw new Error('Should have been called once after execute (server) but called ' + called.value + ' times')
 }

-if (process.client && called.value as number !== 2) {
+if (import.meta.client && called.value as number !== 2) {
  throw new Error('Should have been called once after execute (client) but called ' + called.value + ' times')
 }

--- a/test/fixtures/basic/pages/useAsyncData/override.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/pages/useAsyncData/override.vue
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 let count = 0
 let timeout = 0
-const { data, refresh } = await useAsyncData(() => process.server ? Promise.resolve(1) : new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve(++count), timeout)))
+const { data, refresh } = await useAsyncData(() => import.meta.server ? Promise.resolve(1) : new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve(++count), timeout)))

 if (count || data.value !== 1) {
  throw new Error('Data should be unset')
@ -17,20 +17,20 @@ if (count || data.value !== 1) {
 timeout = 100
 const p = refresh({ dedupe: true, _initial: false })

-if (process.client && (count !== 0 || data.value !== 1)) {
+if (import.meta.client && (count !== 0 || data.value !== 1)) {
  throw new Error('count should start at 0')
 }

 timeout = 0
 await refresh({ _initial: false })

-if (process.client && (count !== 1 || data.value !== 1)) {
+if (import.meta.client && (count !== 1 || data.value !== 1)) {
  throw new Error('override should execute')
 }

 await p

-if (process.client && (count !== 2 || data.value !== 1)) {
+if (import.meta.client && (count !== 2 || data.value !== 1)) {
  throw new Error('cancelled promise should not affect data')
 }
 </script>
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/pages/useAsyncData/status.vue
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/pages/useAsyncData/status.vue
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ if (status4.value !== 'success') {
 }

 const { status: status5 } = await useAsyncData(() => Promise.resolve(true), { server: false })
-if (process.server && status5.value !== 'idle') {
+if (import.meta.server && status5.value !== 'idle') {
  throw new Error('status5 should be "idle" server side')
 }

--- a/test/fixtures/basic/plugins/custom-type-registration.ts
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/plugins/custom-type-registration.ts
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 export default definePayloadPlugin((nuxtApp) => {
  definePayloadReducer('BlinkingText', data => data === '<original-blink>' && '_')
  definePayloadReviver('BlinkingText', () => '<revivified-blink>')
-  if (process.server) {
+  if (import.meta.server) {
    nuxtApp.payload.blinkable = '<original-blink>'
  }
 })
--- a/test/fixtures/basic/server/plugins/headers.ts
+++ b/test/fixtures/basic/server/plugins/headers.ts
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 export default defineNitroPlugin((nitroApp) => {
-  if (!process.dev) { return }
+  if (!import.meta.dev) { return }

  const onError = nitroApp.h3App.options.onError!
  nitroApp.h3App.options.onError = (error, event) => {
--- a/vitest.nuxt.config.ts
+++ b/vitest.nuxt.config.ts
@ -4,5 +4,9 @@ export default defineVitestConfig({
  test: {
    dir: './test/nuxt',
    environment: 'nuxt'
+  },
+  define: {
+    'import.meta.client': true,
+    'import.meta.server': false
  }
 })