2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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.. figure:: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/raw/master/docs/pybind11-logo.png
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:alt: pybind11 logo
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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**pybind11 — Seamless operability between C++11 and Python**
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2021-07-29 23:10:18 +00:00
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|Latest Documentation Status| |Stable Documentation Status| |Gitter chat| |GitHub Discussions| |CI| |Build status|
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-11-15 17:23:33 +00:00
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|Repology| |PyPI package| |Conda-forge| |Python Versions|
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`Setuptools example <https://github.com/pybind/python_example>`_
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• `Scikit-build example <https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example>`_
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• `CMake example <https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example>`_
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2020-12-22 13:50:45 +00:00
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.. start
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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**pybind11** is a lightweight header-only library that exposes C++ types
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in Python and vice versa, mainly to create Python bindings of existing
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C++ code. Its goals and syntax are similar to the excellent
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`Boost.Python <http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_58_0/libs/python/doc/>`_
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library by David Abrahams: to minimize boilerplate code in traditional
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extension modules by inferring type information using compile-time
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introspection.
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The main issue with Boost.Python—and the reason for creating such a
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similar project—is Boost. Boost is an enormously large and complex suite
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of utility libraries that works with almost every C++ compiler in
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existence. This compatibility has its cost: arcane template tricks and
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workarounds are necessary to support the oldest and buggiest of compiler
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specimens. Now that C++11-compatible compilers are widely available,
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this heavy machinery has become an excessively large and unnecessary
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dependency.
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Think of this library as a tiny self-contained version of Boost.Python
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with everything stripped away that isn’t relevant for binding
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generation. Without comments, the core header files only require ~4K
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lines of code and depend on Python (2.7 or 3.5+, or PyPy) and the C++
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standard library. This compact implementation was possible thanks to
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some of the new C++11 language features (specifically: tuples, lambda
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functions and variadic templates). Since its creation, this library has
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grown beyond Boost.Python in many ways, leading to dramatically simpler
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binding code in many common situations.
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Tutorial and reference documentation is provided at
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2020-10-12 20:31:44 +00:00
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`pybind11.readthedocs.io <https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/latest>`_.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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A PDF version of the manual is available
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2020-10-18 10:51:36 +00:00
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`here <https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/_/downloads/en/latest/pdf/>`_.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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And the source code is always available at
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`github.com/pybind/pybind11 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11>`_.
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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Core features
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-------------
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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pybind11 can map the following core C++ features to Python:
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- Functions accepting and returning custom data structures per value,
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reference, or pointer
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- Instance methods and static methods
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- Overloaded functions
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- Instance attributes and static attributes
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- Arbitrary exception types
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- Enumerations
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- Callbacks
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- Iterators and ranges
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- Custom operators
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- Single and multiple inheritance
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- STL data structures
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- Smart pointers with reference counting like ``std::shared_ptr``
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- Internal references with correct reference counting
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- C++ classes with virtual (and pure virtual) methods can be extended
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in Python
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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Goodies
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-------
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In addition to the core functionality, pybind11 provides some extra
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goodies:
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- Python 2.7, 3.5+, and PyPy/PyPy3 7.3 are supported with an
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implementation-agnostic interface.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- It is possible to bind C++11 lambda functions with captured
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variables. The lambda capture data is stored inside the resulting
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Python function object.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- pybind11 uses C++11 move constructors and move assignment operators
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whenever possible to efficiently transfer custom data types.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- It’s easy to expose the internal storage of custom data types through
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Pythons’ buffer protocols. This is handy e.g. for fast conversion
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between C++ matrix classes like Eigen and NumPy without expensive
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copy operations.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- pybind11 can automatically vectorize functions so that they are
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transparently applied to all entries of one or more NumPy array
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arguments.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2021-07-15 19:01:13 +00:00
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- Python's slice-based access and assignment operations can be
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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supported with just a few lines of code.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- Everything is contained in just a few header files; there is no need
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to link against any additional libraries.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- Binaries are generally smaller by a factor of at least 2 compared to
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equivalent bindings generated by Boost.Python. A recent pybind11
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conversion of PyRosetta, an enormous Boost.Python binding project,
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`reported <http://graylab.jhu.edu/RosettaCon2016/PyRosetta-4.pdf>`_
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a binary size reduction of **5.4x** and compile time reduction by
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**5.8x**.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- Function signatures are precomputed at compile time (using
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``constexpr``), leading to smaller binaries.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-10-18 18:31:28 +00:00
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- With little extra effort, C++ types can be pickled and unpickled
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similar to regular Python objects.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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Supported compilers
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-------------------
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1. Clang/LLVM 3.3 or newer (for Apple Xcode’s clang, this is 5.0.0 or
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newer)
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2. GCC 4.8 or newer
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3. Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 or newer
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fix: Intel ICC C++17 compatibility (#2729)
* CI: Intel icc/icpc via oneAPI
Add testing for Intel icc/icpc via the oneAPI images.
Intel oneAPI is in a late beta stage, currently shipping
oneAPI beta09 with ICC 20.2.
CI: Skip Interpreter Tests for Intel
Cannot find how to add this, neiter the package `libc6-dev` nor
`intel-oneapi-mkl-devel` help when installed to solve this:
```
-- Looking for C++ include pthread.h
-- Looking for C++ include pthread.h - not found
CMake Error at /__t/cmake/3.18.4/x64/cmake-3.18.4-Linux-x86_64/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:165 (message):
Could NOT find Threads (missing: Threads_FOUND)
Call Stack (most recent call first):
/__t/cmake/3.18.4/x64/cmake-3.18.4-Linux-x86_64/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:458 (_FPHSA_FAILURE_MESSAGE)
/__t/cmake/3.18.4/x64/cmake-3.18.4-Linux-x86_64/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindThreads.cmake:234 (FIND_PACKAGE_HANDLE_STANDARD_ARGS)
tests/test_embed/CMakeLists.txt:17 (find_package)
```
CI: libc6-dev from GCC for ICC
CI: Run bare metal for oneAPI
CI: Ubuntu 18.04 for oneAPI
CI: Intel +Catch -Eigen
CI: CMake from Apt (ICC tests)
CI: Replace Intel Py with GCC Py
CI: Intel w/o GCC's Eigen
CI: ICC with verbose make
[Debug] Find core dump
tests: use arg{} instead of arg() for Intel
tests: adding a few more missing {}
fix: sync with @tobiasleibner's branch
fix: try ubuntu 20-04
fix: drop exit 1
docs: Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: Tobias Leibner <tobias.leibner@googlemail.com>
Workaround for ICC enable_if issues
Another workaround for ICC's enable_if issues
fix error in previous commit
Disable one test for the Intel compiler in C++17 mode
Add back one instance of py::arg().noconvert()
Add NOLINT to fix clang-tidy check
Work around for ICC internal error in PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS in C++17 mode
CI: Intel ICC with C++17
docs: pybind11/numpy.h does not require numpy at build time. (#2720)
This is nice enough to be mentioned explicitly in the docs.
docs: Update warning about Python 3.9.0 UB, now that 3.9.1 has been released (#2719)
Adjusting `type_caster<std::reference_wrapper<T>>` to support const/non-const propagation in `cast_op`. (#2705)
* Allow type_caster of std::reference_wrapper<T> to be the same as a native reference.
Before, both std::reference_wrapper<T> and std::reference_wrapper<const T> would
invoke cast_op<type>. This doesn't allow the type_caster<> specialization for T
to distinguish reference_wrapper types from value types.
After, the type_caster<> specialization invokes cast_op<type&>, which allows
reference_wrapper to behave in the same way as a native reference type.
* Add tests/examples for std::reference_wrapper<const T>
* Add tests which use mutable/immutable variants
This test is a chimera; it blends the pybind11 casters with a custom
pytype implementation that supports immutable and mutable calls.
In order to detect the immutable/mutable state, the cast_op needs
to propagate it, even through e.g. std::reference<const T>
Note: This is still a work in progress; some things are crashing,
which likely means that I have a refcounting bug or something else
missing.
* Add/finish tests that distinguish const& from &
Fixes the bugs in my custom python type implementation,
demonstrate test that requires const& and reference_wrapper<const T>
being treated differently from Non-const.
* Add passing a const to non-const method.
* Demonstrate non-const conversion of reference_wrapper in tests.
Apply formatting presubmit check.
* Fix build errors from presubmit checks.
* Try and fix a few more CI errors
* More CI fixes.
* More CI fixups.
* Try and get PyPy to work.
* Additional minor fixups. Getting close to CI green.
* More ci fixes?
* fix clang-tidy warnings from presubmit
* fix more clang-tidy warnings
* minor comment and consistency cleanups
* PyDECREF -> Py_DECREF
* copy/move constructors
* Resolve codereview comments
* more review comment fixes
* review comments: remove spurious &
* Make the test fail even when the static_assert is commented out.
This expands the test_freezable_type_caster a bit by:
1/ adding accessors .is_immutable and .addr to compare identity
from python.
2/ Changing the default cast_op of the type_caster<> specialization
to return a non-const value. In normal codepaths this is a reasonable
default.
3/ adding roundtrip variants to exercise the by reference, by pointer
and by reference_wrapper in all call paths. In conjunction with 2/, this
demonstrates the failure case of the existing std::reference_wrpper conversion,
which now loses const in a similar way that happens when using the default cast_op_type<>.
* apply presubmit formatting
* Revert inclusion of test_freezable_type_caster
There's some concern that this test is a bit unwieldly because of the use
of the raw <Python.h> functions. Removing for now.
* Add a test that validates const references propagation.
This test verifies that cast_op may be used to correctly detect
const reference types when used with std::reference_wrapper.
* mend
* Review comments based changes.
1. std::add_lvalue_reference<type> -> type&
2. Simplify the test a little more; we're never returning the ConstRefCaster
type so the class_ definition can be removed.
* formatted files again.
* Move const_ref_caster test to builtin_casters
* Review comments: use cast_op and adjust some comments.
* Simplify ConstRefCasted test
I like this version better as it moves the assertion that matters
back into python.
ci: drop pypy2 linux, PGI 20.7, add Python 10 dev (#2724)
* ci: drop pypy2 linux, add Python 10 dev
* ci: fix mistake
* ci: commented-out PGI 20.11, drop 20.7
fix: regression with installed pybind11 overriding local one (#2716)
* fix: regression with installed pybind11 overriding discovered one
Closes #2709
* docs: wording incorrect
style: remove redundant instance->owned = true (#2723)
which was just before set to True in instance->allocate_layout()
fix: also throw in the move-constructor added by the PYBIND11_OBJECT macro, after the argument has been moved-out (if necessary) (#2701)
Make args_are_all_* ICC workarounds unconditional
Disable test_aligned on Intel ICC
Fix test_aligned on Intel ICC
Skip test_python_alreadyset_in_destructor on Intel ICC
Fix test_aligned again
ICC CI: Downgrade pytest
pytest 6 does not capture the `discard_as_unraisable` stderr and
just writes a warning with its content instead.
* refactor: simpler Intel workaround, suggested by @laramiel
* fix: try version with impl to see if it is easier to compile
* docs: update README for ICC
Co-authored-by: Axel Huebl <axel.huebl@plasma.ninja>
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
2021-01-18 00:53:07 +00:00
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4. Intel classic C++ compiler 18 or newer (ICC 20.2 tested in CI)
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2020-12-16 02:07:41 +00:00
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5. Cygwin/GCC (previously tested on 2.5.1)
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fix: Intel ICC C++17 compatibility (#2729)
* CI: Intel icc/icpc via oneAPI
Add testing for Intel icc/icpc via the oneAPI images.
Intel oneAPI is in a late beta stage, currently shipping
oneAPI beta09 with ICC 20.2.
CI: Skip Interpreter Tests for Intel
Cannot find how to add this, neiter the package `libc6-dev` nor
`intel-oneapi-mkl-devel` help when installed to solve this:
```
-- Looking for C++ include pthread.h
-- Looking for C++ include pthread.h - not found
CMake Error at /__t/cmake/3.18.4/x64/cmake-3.18.4-Linux-x86_64/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:165 (message):
Could NOT find Threads (missing: Threads_FOUND)
Call Stack (most recent call first):
/__t/cmake/3.18.4/x64/cmake-3.18.4-Linux-x86_64/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:458 (_FPHSA_FAILURE_MESSAGE)
/__t/cmake/3.18.4/x64/cmake-3.18.4-Linux-x86_64/share/cmake-3.18/Modules/FindThreads.cmake:234 (FIND_PACKAGE_HANDLE_STANDARD_ARGS)
tests/test_embed/CMakeLists.txt:17 (find_package)
```
CI: libc6-dev from GCC for ICC
CI: Run bare metal for oneAPI
CI: Ubuntu 18.04 for oneAPI
CI: Intel +Catch -Eigen
CI: CMake from Apt (ICC tests)
CI: Replace Intel Py with GCC Py
CI: Intel w/o GCC's Eigen
CI: ICC with verbose make
[Debug] Find core dump
tests: use arg{} instead of arg() for Intel
tests: adding a few more missing {}
fix: sync with @tobiasleibner's branch
fix: try ubuntu 20-04
fix: drop exit 1
docs: Apply suggestions from code review
Co-authored-by: Tobias Leibner <tobias.leibner@googlemail.com>
Workaround for ICC enable_if issues
Another workaround for ICC's enable_if issues
fix error in previous commit
Disable one test for the Intel compiler in C++17 mode
Add back one instance of py::arg().noconvert()
Add NOLINT to fix clang-tidy check
Work around for ICC internal error in PYBIND11_EXPAND_SIDE_EFFECTS in C++17 mode
CI: Intel ICC with C++17
docs: pybind11/numpy.h does not require numpy at build time. (#2720)
This is nice enough to be mentioned explicitly in the docs.
docs: Update warning about Python 3.9.0 UB, now that 3.9.1 has been released (#2719)
Adjusting `type_caster<std::reference_wrapper<T>>` to support const/non-const propagation in `cast_op`. (#2705)
* Allow type_caster of std::reference_wrapper<T> to be the same as a native reference.
Before, both std::reference_wrapper<T> and std::reference_wrapper<const T> would
invoke cast_op<type>. This doesn't allow the type_caster<> specialization for T
to distinguish reference_wrapper types from value types.
After, the type_caster<> specialization invokes cast_op<type&>, which allows
reference_wrapper to behave in the same way as a native reference type.
* Add tests/examples for std::reference_wrapper<const T>
* Add tests which use mutable/immutable variants
This test is a chimera; it blends the pybind11 casters with a custom
pytype implementation that supports immutable and mutable calls.
In order to detect the immutable/mutable state, the cast_op needs
to propagate it, even through e.g. std::reference<const T>
Note: This is still a work in progress; some things are crashing,
which likely means that I have a refcounting bug or something else
missing.
* Add/finish tests that distinguish const& from &
Fixes the bugs in my custom python type implementation,
demonstrate test that requires const& and reference_wrapper<const T>
being treated differently from Non-const.
* Add passing a const to non-const method.
* Demonstrate non-const conversion of reference_wrapper in tests.
Apply formatting presubmit check.
* Fix build errors from presubmit checks.
* Try and fix a few more CI errors
* More CI fixes.
* More CI fixups.
* Try and get PyPy to work.
* Additional minor fixups. Getting close to CI green.
* More ci fixes?
* fix clang-tidy warnings from presubmit
* fix more clang-tidy warnings
* minor comment and consistency cleanups
* PyDECREF -> Py_DECREF
* copy/move constructors
* Resolve codereview comments
* more review comment fixes
* review comments: remove spurious &
* Make the test fail even when the static_assert is commented out.
This expands the test_freezable_type_caster a bit by:
1/ adding accessors .is_immutable and .addr to compare identity
from python.
2/ Changing the default cast_op of the type_caster<> specialization
to return a non-const value. In normal codepaths this is a reasonable
default.
3/ adding roundtrip variants to exercise the by reference, by pointer
and by reference_wrapper in all call paths. In conjunction with 2/, this
demonstrates the failure case of the existing std::reference_wrpper conversion,
which now loses const in a similar way that happens when using the default cast_op_type<>.
* apply presubmit formatting
* Revert inclusion of test_freezable_type_caster
There's some concern that this test is a bit unwieldly because of the use
of the raw <Python.h> functions. Removing for now.
* Add a test that validates const references propagation.
This test verifies that cast_op may be used to correctly detect
const reference types when used with std::reference_wrapper.
* mend
* Review comments based changes.
1. std::add_lvalue_reference<type> -> type&
2. Simplify the test a little more; we're never returning the ConstRefCaster
type so the class_ definition can be removed.
* formatted files again.
* Move const_ref_caster test to builtin_casters
* Review comments: use cast_op and adjust some comments.
* Simplify ConstRefCasted test
I like this version better as it moves the assertion that matters
back into python.
ci: drop pypy2 linux, PGI 20.7, add Python 10 dev (#2724)
* ci: drop pypy2 linux, add Python 10 dev
* ci: fix mistake
* ci: commented-out PGI 20.11, drop 20.7
fix: regression with installed pybind11 overriding local one (#2716)
* fix: regression with installed pybind11 overriding discovered one
Closes #2709
* docs: wording incorrect
style: remove redundant instance->owned = true (#2723)
which was just before set to True in instance->allocate_layout()
fix: also throw in the move-constructor added by the PYBIND11_OBJECT macro, after the argument has been moved-out (if necessary) (#2701)
Make args_are_all_* ICC workarounds unconditional
Disable test_aligned on Intel ICC
Fix test_aligned on Intel ICC
Skip test_python_alreadyset_in_destructor on Intel ICC
Fix test_aligned again
ICC CI: Downgrade pytest
pytest 6 does not capture the `discard_as_unraisable` stderr and
just writes a warning with its content instead.
* refactor: simpler Intel workaround, suggested by @laramiel
* fix: try version with impl to see if it is easier to compile
* docs: update README for ICC
Co-authored-by: Axel Huebl <axel.huebl@plasma.ninja>
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>
2021-01-18 00:53:07 +00:00
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6. NVCC (CUDA 11.0 tested in CI)
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7. NVIDIA PGI (20.9 tested in CI)
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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About
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-----
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This project was created by `Wenzel
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Jakob <http://rgl.epfl.ch/people/wjakob>`_. Significant features and/or
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improvements to the code were contributed by Jonas Adler, Lori A. Burns,
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2020-10-20 14:56:02 +00:00
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Sylvain Corlay, Eric Cousineau, Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve, Trent Houliston, Axel
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Huebl, @hulucc, Yannick Jadoul, Sergey Lyskov Johan Mabille, Tomasz Miąsko,
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Dean Moldovan, Ben Pritchard, Jason Rhinelander, Boris Schäling, Pim
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Schellart, Henry Schreiner, Ivan Smirnov, Boris Staletic, and Patrick Stewart.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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2020-10-20 19:14:40 +00:00
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We thank Google for a generous financial contribution to the continuous
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integration infrastructure used by this project.
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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Contributing
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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See the `contributing
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guide <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md>`_
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for information on building and contributing to pybind11.
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License
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~~~~~~~
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pybind11 is provided under a BSD-style license that can be found in the
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`LICENSE <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/master/LICENSE>`_
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file. By using, distributing, or contributing to this project, you agree
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to the terms and conditions of this license.
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2020-09-17 21:53:35 +00:00
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.. |Latest Documentation Status| image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/pybind11/badge?version=latest
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2020-09-18 01:18:15 +00:00
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:target: http://pybind11.readthedocs.org/en/latest
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2020-12-22 13:50:45 +00:00
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.. |Stable Documentation Status| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-stable-blue.svg
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2020-09-18 01:18:15 +00:00
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:target: http://pybind11.readthedocs.org/en/stable
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2020-09-17 19:40:09 +00:00
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.. |Gitter chat| image:: https://img.shields.io/gitter/room/gitterHQ/gitter.svg
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:target: https://gitter.im/pybind/Lobby
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.. |CI| image:: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/workflows/CI/badge.svg
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:target: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/actions
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.. |Build status| image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/riaj54pn4h08xy40?svg=true
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:target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/wjakob/pybind11
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.. |PyPI package| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pybind11.svg
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2020-11-15 17:23:33 +00:00
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:target: https://pypi.org/project/pybind11/
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2020-12-22 13:50:45 +00:00
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.. |Conda-forge| image:: https://img.shields.io/conda/vn/conda-forge/pybind11.svg
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2020-11-15 17:23:33 +00:00
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:target: https://github.com/conda-forge/pybind11-feedstock
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.. |Repology| image:: https://repology.org/badge/latest-versions/python:pybind11.svg
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:target: https://repology.org/project/python:pybind11/versions
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2020-12-22 13:50:45 +00:00
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.. |Python Versions| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pybind11.svg
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2020-11-15 17:23:33 +00:00
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:target: https://pypi.org/project/pybind11/
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2021-07-29 23:10:18 +00:00
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.. |GitHub Discussions| image:: https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=Discussions&message=Ask&color=blue&logo=github
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:target: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/discussions
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