Merge branch 'master' into master_with_dummy_change

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -108,12 +108,15 @@ jobs:
       run: python -m pip install pytest-github-actions-annotate-failures
 
     # First build - C++11 mode and inplace
-    # More-or-less randomly adding -DPYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT=ON here.
+    # More-or-less randomly adding -DPYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT=ON here
+    # (same for PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY, but requires a NumPy 1.x at runtime).
     - name: Configure C++11 ${{ matrix.args }}
       run: >
         cmake -S . -B .
         -DPYBIND11_WERROR=ON
+        -DPYBIND11_DISABLE_HANDLE_TYPE_NAME_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION=ON
         -DPYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT=ON
+        -DPYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY=ON
         -DDOWNLOAD_CATCH=ON
         -DDOWNLOAD_EIGEN=ON
         -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=11
@@ -138,11 +141,13 @@ jobs:
 
     # Second build - C++17 mode and in a build directory
     # More-or-less randomly adding -DPYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT=OFF here.
+    # (same for PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY, but requires a NumPy 1.x at runtime).
     - name: Configure C++17
       run: >
         cmake -S . -B build2
         -DPYBIND11_WERROR=ON
         -DPYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT=OFF
+        -DPYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY=ON
         -DDOWNLOAD_CATCH=ON
         -DDOWNLOAD_EIGEN=ON
         -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=17
@@ -660,6 +665,11 @@ jobs:
       run: |
         python3 -m pip install cmake -r tests/requirements.txt
 
+    - name: Ensure NumPy 2 is used (required Python >= 3.9)
+      if: matrix.container == 'almalinux:9'
+      run: |
+        python3 -m pip install 'numpy>=2.0.0b1' 'scipy>=1.13.0rc1'
+
     - name: Configure
       shell: bash
       run: >
@@ -895,8 +905,10 @@ jobs:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
 
     - name: Prepare env
+      # Ensure use of NumPy 2 (via NumPy nightlies but can be changed soon)
       run: |
         python3 -m pip install -r tests/requirements.txt
+        python3 -m pip install 'numpy>=2.0.0b1' 'scipy>=1.13.0rc1'
 
     - name: Update CMake
       uses: jwlawson/actions-setup-cmake@v2.0

.github/workflows/configure.yml

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
 
         - runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
           arch: x64
-          cmake: "3.27"
+          cmake: "3.29"
 
         - runs-on: macos-latest
           arch: x64

.github/workflows/labeler.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
       pull-requests: write
     steps:
 
-    - uses: actions/labeler@main
+    - uses: actions/labeler@v4
       if: >
         github.event.pull_request.merged == true &&
         !startsWith(github.event.pull_request.title, 'chore(deps):') &&

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ repos:
 
 # Clang format the codebase automatically
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
-  rev: "v17.0.6"
+  rev: "v18.1.2"
   hooks:
   - id: clang-format
     types_or: [c++, c, cuda]
 
 # Ruff, the Python auto-correcting linter/formatter written in Rust
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.2.0
+  rev: v0.3.5
   hooks:
   - id: ruff
     args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
@@ -40,13 +40,13 @@ repos:
 
 # Check static types with mypy
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: "v1.8.0"
+  rev: "v1.9.0"
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
     args: []
     exclude: ^(tests|docs)/
     additional_dependencies:
-    - markdown-it-py<3 # Drop this together with dropping Python 3.7 support.
+    - markdown-it-py
     - nox
     - rich
     - types-setuptools
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ repos:
 
 # Changes tabs to spaces
 - repo: https://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: "v1.5.4"
+  rev: "v1.5.5"
   hooks:
   - id: remove-tabs
 
 # Avoid directional quotes
 - repo: https://github.com/sirosen/texthooks
-  rev: "0.6.4"
+  rev: "0.6.6"
   hooks:
   - id: fix-ligatures
   - id: fix-smartquotes
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ repos:
 
 # Check for common shell mistakes
 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: "v0.9.0.6"
+  rev: "v0.10.0.1"
   hooks:
   - id: shellcheck
 
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ repos:
 
 # PyLint has native support - not always usable, but works for us
 - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint
-  rev: "v3.0.3"
+  rev: "v3.1.0"
   hooks:
   - id: pylint
     files: ^pybind11
 
 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.28.0
+  rev: 0.28.1
   hooks:
   - id: check-readthedocs
   - id: check-github-workflows

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ endif()
 
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
 
-# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)` syntax does not work with
+# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)` syntax does not work with
 # some versions of VS that have a patched CMake 3.11. This forces us to emulate
 # the behavior using the following workaround:
-if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.27)
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.29)
   cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
 else()
-  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.27)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.29)
 endif()
 
 if(_pybind11_cmp0148)
@@ -107,15 +107,25 @@ endif()
 option(PYBIND11_INSTALL "Install pybind11 header files?" ${PYBIND11_MASTER_PROJECT})
 option(PYBIND11_TEST "Build pybind11 test suite?" ${PYBIND11_MASTER_PROJECT})
 option(PYBIND11_NOPYTHON "Disable search for Python" OFF)
+option(PYBIND11_DISABLE_HANDLE_TYPE_NAME_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION
+       "To enforce that a handle_type_name<> specialization exists" OFF)
 option(PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT
        "Use simpler GIL management logic that does not support disassociation" OFF)
+option(PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
+       "Disable NumPy 2 support to avoid changes to previous pybind11 versions." OFF)
 set(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION
     ""
     CACHE STRING "Override the ABI version, may be used to enable the unstable ABI.")
 
+if(PYBIND11_DISABLE_HANDLE_TYPE_NAME_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION)
+  add_compile_definitions(PYBIND11_DISABLE_HANDLE_TYPE_NAME_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION)
+endif()
 if(PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT)
   add_compile_definitions(PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT)
 endif()
+if(PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY)
+  add_compile_definitions(PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY)
+endif()
 
 cmake_dependent_option(
   USE_PYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR

README.rst

@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ with everything stripped away that isn't relevant for binding
 generation. Without comments, the core header files only require ~4K
 lines of code and depend on Python (3.6+, or PyPy) and the C++
 standard library. This compact implementation was possible thanks to
-some of the new C++11 language features (specifically: tuples, lambda
+some C++11 language features (specifically: tuples, lambda functions and
-functions and variadic templates). Since its creation, this library has
+variadic templates). Since its creation, this library has grown beyond
-grown beyond Boost.Python in many ways, leading to dramatically simpler
+Boost.Python in many ways, leading to dramatically simpler binding code in many
-binding code in many common situations.
+common situations.
 
 Tutorial and reference documentation is provided at
 `pybind11.readthedocs.io <https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/latest>`_.
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ pybind11 can map the following core C++ features to Python:
 - Internal references with correct reference counting
 - C++ classes with virtual (and pure virtual) methods can be extended
   in Python
+- Integrated NumPy support (NumPy 2 requires pybind11 2.12+)
 
 Goodies
 -------

docs/advanced/embedding.rst

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ information, see :doc:`/compiling`.
 
 .. code-block:: cmake
 
-    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)
+    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)
     project(example)
 
     find_package(pybind11 REQUIRED)  # or `add_subdirectory(pybind11)`

docs/changelog.rst

@@ -15,9 +15,183 @@ IN DEVELOPMENT
 
 Changes will be summarized here periodically.
 
+Version 2.12.0 (March 27, 2025)
+-------------------------------
+
+New Features:
+
+* ``pybind11`` now supports compiling for
+  `NumPy 2 <https://numpy.org/devdocs/numpy_2_0_migration_guide.html>`_. Most
+  code shouldn't change (see :ref:`upgrade-guide-2.12` for details). However,
+  if you experience issues you can define ``PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY`` to disable
+  the new support for now, but this will be removed in the future.
+  `#5050 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5050>`_
+
+* ``pybind11/gil_safe_call_once.h`` was added (it needs to be included
+  explicitly). The primary use case is GIL-safe initialization of C++
+  ``static`` variables.
+  `#4877 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4877>`_
+
+* Support move-only iterators in ``py::make_iterator``,
+  ``py::make_key_iterator``, ``py::make_value_iterator``.
+  `#4834 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4834>`_
+
+* Two simple ``py::set_error()`` functions were added and the documentation was
+  updated accordingly. In particular, ``py::exception<>::operator()`` was
+  deprecated (use one of the new functions instead). The documentation for
+  ``py::exception<>`` was further updated to not suggest code that may result
+  in undefined behavior.
+  `#4772 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4772>`_
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+* Removes potential for Undefined Behavior during process teardown.
+  `#4897 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4897>`_
+
+* Improve compatibility with the nvcc compiler (especially CUDA 12.1/12.2).
+  `#4893 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4893>`_
+
+* ``pybind11/numpy.h`` now imports NumPy's ``multiarray`` and ``_internal``
+  submodules with paths depending on the installed version of NumPy (for
+  compatibility with NumPy 2).
+  `#4857 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4857>`_
+
+* Builtins collections names in docstrings are now consistently rendered in
+  lowercase (list, set, dict, tuple), in accordance with PEP 585.
+  `#4833 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4833>`_
+
+* Added ``py::typing::Iterator<T>``, ``py::typing::Iterable<T>``.
+  `#4832 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4832>`_
+
+* Render ``py::function`` as ``Callable`` in docstring.
+  `#4829 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4829>`_
+
+* Also bump ``PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION`` for MSVC, which unlocks two new
+  features without creating additional incompatibilities.
+  `#4819 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4819>`_
+
+* Guard against crashes/corruptions caused by modules built with different MSVC
+  versions.
+  `#4779 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4779>`_
+
+* A long-standing bug in the handling of Python multiple inheritance was fixed.
+  See PR #4762 for the rather complex details.
+  `#4762 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4762>`_
+
+* Fix ``bind_map`` with ``using`` declarations.
+  `#4952 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4952>`_
+
+* Qualify ``py::detail::concat`` usage to avoid ADL selecting one from
+  somewhere else, such as modernjson's concat.
+  `#4955 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4955>`_
+
+* Use new PyCode API on Python 3.12+.
+  `#4916 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4916>`_
+
+* Minor cleanup from warnings reported by Clazy.
+  `#4988 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4988>`_
+
+* Remove typing and duplicate ``class_`` for ``KeysView``/``ValuesView``/``ItemsView``.
+  `#4985 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4985>`_
+
+* Use ``PyObject_VisitManagedDict()`` and ``PyObject_ClearManagedDict()`` on Python 3.13 and newer.
+  `#4973 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4973>`_
+
+* Update ``make_static_property_type()`` to make it compatible with Python 3.13.
+  `#4971 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4971>`_
+
+.. fix(types)
+
+* Render typed iterators for ``make_iterator``, ``make_key_iterator``,
+  ``make_value_iterator``.
+  `#4876 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4876>`_
+
+* Add several missing type name specializations.
+  `#5073 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5073>`_
+
+* Change docstring render for ``py::buffer``, ``py::sequence`` and
+  ``py::handle`` (to ``Buffer``, ``Sequence``, ``Any``).
+  `#4831 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4831>`_
+
+* Fixed ``base_enum.__str__`` docstring.
+  `#4827 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4827>`_
+
+* Enforce single line docstring signatures.
+  `#4735 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4735>`_
+
+* Special 'typed' wrappers now available in ``typing.h`` to annotate tuple, dict,
+  list, set, and function.
+  `#4259 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4259>`_
+
+* Create ``handle_type_name`` specialization to type-hint variable length tuples.
+  `#5051 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5051>`_
+
+.. fix(build)
+
+* Setting ``PYBIND11_FINDPYTHON`` to OFF will force the old FindPythonLibs mechanism to be used.
+  `#5042 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5042>`_
+
+* Skip empty ``PYBIND11_PYTHON_EXECUTABLE_LAST`` for the first cmake run.
+  `#4856 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4856>`_
+
+* Fix FindPython mode exports & avoid ``pkg_resources`` if
+  ``importlib.metadata`` available.
+  `#4941 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4941>`_
+
+* ``Python_ADDITIONAL_VERSIONS`` (classic search) now includes 3.12.
+  `#4909 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4909>`_
+
+* ``pybind11.pc`` is now relocatable by default as long as install destinations
+  are not absolute paths.
+  `#4830 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4830>`_
+
+* Correctly detect CMake FindPython removal when used as a subdirectory.
+  `#4806 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4806>`_
+
+* Don't require the libs component on CMake 3.18+ when using
+  PYBIND11_FINDPYTHON (fixes manylinux builds).
+  `#4805 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4805>`_
+
+* ``pybind11_strip`` is no longer automatically applied when
+  ``CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE`` is unset.
+  `#4780 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4780>`_
+
+* Support ``DEBUG_POSFIX`` correctly for debug builds.
+  `#4761 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4761>`_
+
+* Hardcode lto/thin lto for Emscripten cross-compiles.
+  `#4642 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4642>`_
+
+* Upgrade maximum supported CMake version to 3.27 to fix CMP0148 warnings.
+  `#4786 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4786>`_
+
+Documentation:
+
+* Small fix to grammar in ``functions.rst``.
+  `#4791 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4791>`_
+
+* Remove upper bound in example pyproject.toml for setuptools.
+  `#4774 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4774>`_
+
+CI:
+
+* CI: Update NVHPC to 23.5 and Ubuntu 20.04.
+  `#4764 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4764>`_
+
+* Test on PyPy 3.10.
+  `#4714 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4714>`_
+
+Other:
+
+* Use Ruff formatter instead of Black.
+  `#4912 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4912>`_
+
+* An ``assert()`` was added to help Coverty avoid generating a false positive.
+  `#4817 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/4817>`_
+
 
 Version 2.11.1 (July 17, 2023)
------------------------------
+------------------------------
 
 Changes:
 
@@ -32,7 +206,7 @@ Changes:
 
 
 Version 2.11.0 (July 14, 2023)
------------------------------
+------------------------------
 
 New features:
 

docs/compiling.rst

@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ extension module can be created with just a few lines of code:
 
 .. code-block:: cmake
 
-    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)
+    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)
     project(example LANGUAGES CXX)
 
     add_subdirectory(pybind11)
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ You can use these targets to build complex applications. For example, the
 
 .. code-block:: cmake
 
-    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)
+    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)
     project(example LANGUAGES CXX)
 
     find_package(pybind11 REQUIRED)  # or add_subdirectory(pybind11)
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ information about usage in C++, see :doc:`/advanced/embedding`.
 
 .. code-block:: cmake
 
-    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)
+    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)
     project(example LANGUAGES CXX)
 
     find_package(pybind11 REQUIRED)  # or add_subdirectory(pybind11)

docs/release.rst

@@ -36,19 +36,19 @@ If you don't have nox, you should either use ``pipx run nox`` instead, or use
 
   - Run ``nox -s tests_packaging`` to ensure this was done correctly.
 
-  - Ensure that all the information in ``setup.cfg`` is up-to-date, like
+- Ensure that all the information in ``setup.cfg`` is up-to-date, like
     supported Python versions.
 
-  - Add release date in ``docs/changelog.rst`` and integrate the output of
+- Add release date in ``docs/changelog.rst`` and integrate the output of
   ``nox -s make_changelog``.
 
-    - Note that the ``make_changelog`` command inspects
+  - Note that the ``nox -s make_changelog`` command inspects
     `needs changelog <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aclosed+label%3A%22needs+changelog%22>`_.
 
   - Manually clear the ``needs changelog`` labels using the GitHub web
     interface (very easy: start by clicking the link above).
 
-  - ``git add`` and ``git commit``, ``git push``. **Ensure CI passes**. (If it
+- ``git add`` and ``git commit``, ``git push``. **Ensure CI passes**. (If it
     fails due to a known flake issue, either ignore or restart CI.)
 
 - Add a release branch if this is a new MINOR version, or update the existing

docs/upgrade.rst

@@ -8,6 +8,34 @@ to a new version. But it goes into more detail. This includes things like
 deprecated APIs and their replacements, build system changes, general code
 modernization and other useful information.
 
+.. _upgrade-guide-2.12:
+
+v2.12
+=====
+
+NumPy support has been upgraded to support the 2.x series too. The two relevant
+changes are that:
+
+* ``dtype.flags()`` is now a ``uint64`` and ``dtype.alignment()`` an
+  ``ssize_t`` (and NumPy may return an larger than integer value for
+  ``itemsize()`` in NumPy 2.x).
+
+* The long deprecated NumPy function ``PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject``
+  function is not available anymore.
+
+Due to NumPy changes, you may experience difficulties updating to NumPy 2.
+Please see the [NumPy 2 migration guide](https://numpy.org/devdocs/numpy_2_0_migration_guide.html) for details.
+For example, a more direct change could be that the default integer ``"int_"``
+(and ``"uint"``) is now ``ssize_t`` and not ``long`` (affects 64bit windows).
+
+If you want to only support NumPy 1.x for now and are having problems due to
+the two internal changes listed above, you can define
+``PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY`` to disable the new support for now. Make sure you
+define this on all pybind11 compile units, since it could be a source of ODR
+violations if used inconsistently. This option will be removed in the future,
+so adapting your code is highly recommended.
+
+
 .. _upgrade-guide-2.11:
 
 v2.11

include/pybind11/cast.h

@@ -327,8 +327,9 @@ public:
             value = false;
             return true;
         }
-        if (convert || (std::strcmp("numpy.bool_", Py_TYPE(src.ptr())->tp_name) == 0)) {
+        if (convert || is_numpy_bool(src)) {
-            // (allow non-implicit conversion for numpy booleans)
+            // (allow non-implicit conversion for numpy booleans), use strncmp
+            // since NumPy 1.x had an additional trailing underscore.
 
             Py_ssize_t res = -1;
             if (src.is_none()) {
@@ -360,6 +361,15 @@ public:
         return handle(src ? Py_True : Py_False).inc_ref();
     }
     PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(bool, const_name("bool"));
+
+private:
+    // Test if an object is a NumPy boolean (without fetching the type).
+    static inline bool is_numpy_bool(handle object) {
+        const char *type_name = Py_TYPE(object.ptr())->tp_name;
+        // Name changed to `numpy.bool` in NumPy 2, `numpy.bool_` is needed for 1.x support
+        return std::strcmp("numpy.bool", type_name) == 0
+               || std::strcmp("numpy.bool_", type_name) == 0;
+    }
 };
 
 // Helper class for UTF-{8,16,32} C++ stl strings:
@@ -662,8 +672,9 @@ public:
         return cast(*src, policy, parent);
     }
 
-    static constexpr auto name
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("tuple[")
-        = const_name("tuple[") + concat(make_caster<Ts>::name...) + const_name("]");
+                                 + ::pybind11::detail::concat(make_caster<Ts>::name...)
+                                 + const_name("]");
 
     template <typename T>
     using cast_op_type = type;
@@ -871,10 +882,53 @@ struct is_holder_type
 template <typename base, typename deleter>
 struct is_holder_type<base, std::unique_ptr<base, deleter>> : std::true_type {};
 
+#ifdef PYBIND11_DISABLE_HANDLE_TYPE_NAME_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION // See PR #4888
+
+// This leads to compilation errors if a specialization is missing.
+template <typename T>
+struct handle_type_name;
+
+#else
+
 template <typename T>
 struct handle_type_name {
     static constexpr auto name = const_name<T>();
 };
+
+#endif
+
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<object> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("object");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<list> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("list");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<dict> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("dict");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<anyset> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Union[set, frozenset]");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<set> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("set");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<frozenset> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("frozenset");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<str> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("str");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<tuple> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("tuple");
+};
 template <>
 struct handle_type_name<bool_> {
     static constexpr auto name = const_name("bool");
@@ -920,6 +974,34 @@ struct handle_type_name<sequence> {
     static constexpr auto name = const_name("Sequence");
 };
 template <>
+struct handle_type_name<bytearray> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("bytearray");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<memoryview> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("memoryview");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<slice> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("slice");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<type> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("type");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<capsule> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("capsule");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<ellipsis> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("ellipsis");
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<weakref> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("weakref");
+};
+template <>
 struct handle_type_name<args> {
     static constexpr auto name = const_name("*args");
 };
@@ -927,6 +1009,30 @@ template <>
 struct handle_type_name<kwargs> {
     static constexpr auto name = const_name("**kwargs");
 };
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<obj_attr_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<obj_attr_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<str_attr_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<str_attr_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<item_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<item_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<sequence_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<sequence_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<list_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<list_accessor>();
+};
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<tuple_accessor> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name<tuple_accessor>();
+};
 
 template <typename type>
 struct pyobject_caster {
@@ -1464,7 +1570,8 @@ public:
     static_assert(args_pos == -1 || args_pos == constexpr_first<argument_is_args, Args...>(),
                   "py::args cannot be specified more than once");
 
-    static constexpr auto arg_names = concat(type_descr(make_caster<Args>::name)...);
+    static constexpr auto arg_names
+        = ::pybind11::detail::concat(type_descr(make_caster<Args>::name)...);
 
     bool load_args(function_call &call) { return load_impl_sequence(call, indices{}); }
 

include/pybind11/detail/common.h

@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #define PYBIND11_VERSION_MAJOR 2
-#define PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR 12
+#define PYBIND11_VERSION_MINOR 13
 #define PYBIND11_VERSION_PATCH 0.dev1
 
 // Similar to Python's convention: https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/apiabiversion.html
 // Additional convention: 0xD = dev
-#define PYBIND11_VERSION_HEX 0x020C00D1
+#define PYBIND11_VERSION_HEX 0x020D00D1
 
 // Define some generic pybind11 helper macros for warning management.
 //
@@ -296,6 +296,10 @@ PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(4505)
 #    undef copysign
 #endif
 
+#if defined(PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY)
+#    define PYBIND11_INTERNAL_NUMPY_1_ONLY_DETECTED
+#endif
+
 #if defined(PYPY_VERSION) && !defined(PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT)
 #    define PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT
 #endif
@@ -921,8 +925,7 @@ using is_template_base_of
     = decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr));
 #else
 struct is_template_base_of
-    : decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr)) {
+    : decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr)){};
-};
 #endif
 
 /// Check if T is an instantiation of the template `Class`. For example:
@@ -1104,14 +1107,14 @@ struct overload_cast_impl {
     }
 
     template <typename Return, typename Class>
-    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...), std::false_type = {}) const noexcept
+    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...),
-        -> decltype(pmf) {
+                              std::false_type = {}) const noexcept -> decltype(pmf) {
         return pmf;
     }
 
     template <typename Return, typename Class>
-    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const, std::true_type) const noexcept
+    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const,
-        -> decltype(pmf) {
+                              std::true_type) const noexcept -> decltype(pmf) {
         return pmf;
     }
 };

include/pybind11/detail/descr.h

@@ -156,8 +156,9 @@ constexpr auto concat(const descr<N, Ts...> &d, const Args &...args) {
 }
 #else
 template <size_t N, typename... Ts, typename... Args>
-constexpr auto concat(const descr<N, Ts...> &d, const Args &...args)
+constexpr auto concat(const descr<N, Ts...> &d,
-    -> decltype(std::declval<descr<N + 2, Ts...>>() + concat(args...)) {
+                      const Args &...args) -> decltype(std::declval<descr<N + 2, Ts...>>()
+                                                       + concat(args...)) {
     return d + const_name(", ") + concat(args...);
 }
 #endif

include/pybind11/detail/internals.h

@@ -67,9 +67,14 @@ inline PyObject *make_object_base_type(PyTypeObject *metaclass);
 // `Py_LIMITED_API` anyway.
 #    if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION > 4
 #        define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_REF Py_tss_t &
-#        if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#        if defined(__clang__)
-// Clang on macOS warns due to `Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT` not specifying an initializer
+#            define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var)                                                    \
-// for every field.
+                _Pragma("clang diagnostic push")                                         /**/     \
+                    _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wmissing-field-initializers\"") /**/     \
+                    Py_tss_t var                                                                  \
+                    = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;                                                          \
+                _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop")
+#        elif defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
 #            define PYBIND11_TLS_KEY_INIT(var)                                                    \
                 _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push")                                         /**/       \
                     _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wmissing-field-initializers\"") /**/       \
@@ -313,13 +318,13 @@ struct type_info {
 
 #define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID                                                                     \
     "__pybind11_internals_v" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION)                        \
-        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI         \
+        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB                            \
-            PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
+            PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
 
 #define PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID                                                                  \
     "__pybind11_module_local_v" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION)                     \
-        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI         \
+        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB                            \
-            PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
+            PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
 
 /// Each module locally stores a pointer to the `internals` data. The data
 /// itself is shared among modules with the same `PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID`.

include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h

@@ -1184,14 +1184,14 @@ protected:
        does not have a private operator new implementation. A comma operator is used in the
        decltype argument to apply SFINAE to the public copy/move constructors.*/
     template <typename T, typename = enable_if_t<is_copy_constructible<T>::value>>
-    static auto make_copy_constructor(const T *)
+    static auto make_copy_constructor(const T *) -> decltype(new T(std::declval<const T>()),
-        -> decltype(new T(std::declval<const T>()), Constructor{}) {
+                                                             Constructor{}) {
         return [](const void *arg) -> void * { return new T(*reinterpret_cast<const T *>(arg)); };
     }
 
     template <typename T, typename = enable_if_t<is_move_constructible<T>::value>>
-    static auto make_move_constructor(const T *)
+    static auto make_move_constructor(const T *) -> decltype(new T(std::declval<T &&>()),
-        -> decltype(new T(std::declval<T &&>()), Constructor{}) {
+                                                             Constructor{}) {
         return [](const void *arg) -> void * {
             return new T(std::move(*const_cast<T *>(reinterpret_cast<const T *>(arg))));
         };
@@ -1201,13 +1201,17 @@ protected:
     static Constructor make_move_constructor(...) { return nullptr; }
 };
 
+inline std::string quote_cpp_type_name(const std::string &cpp_type_name) {
+    return cpp_type_name; // No-op for now. See PR #4888
+}
+
 PYBIND11_NOINLINE std::string type_info_description(const std::type_info &ti) {
     if (auto *type_data = get_type_info(ti)) {
         handle th((PyObject *) type_data->type);
         return th.attr("__module__").cast<std::string>() + '.'
                + th.attr("__qualname__").cast<std::string>();
     }
-    return clean_type_id(ti.name());
+    return quote_cpp_type_name(clean_type_id(ti.name()));
 }
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)

include/pybind11/eigen/tensor.h

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ struct eigen_tensor_helper<Eigen::Tensor<Scalar_, NumIndices_, Options_, IndexTy
 
     template <size_t... Is>
     struct helper<index_sequence<Is...>> {
-        static constexpr auto value = concat(const_name(((void) Is, "?"))...);
+        static constexpr auto value = ::pybind11::detail::concat(const_name(((void) Is, "?"))...);
     };
 
     static constexpr auto dimensions_descriptor
@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ struct eigen_tensor_helper<
         return get_shape() == shape;
     }
 
-    static constexpr auto dimensions_descriptor = concat(const_name<Indices>()...);
+    static constexpr auto dimensions_descriptor
+        = ::pybind11::detail::concat(const_name<Indices>()...);
 
     template <typename... Args>
     static Type *alloc(Args &&...args) {

include/pybind11/functional.h

@@ -128,7 +128,8 @@ public:
     }
 
     PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(type,
-                         const_name("Callable[[") + concat(make_caster<Args>::name...)
+                         const_name("Callable[[")
+                             + ::pybind11::detail::concat(make_caster<Args>::name...)
                              + const_name("], ") + make_caster<retval_type>::name
                              + const_name("]"));
 };

include/pybind11/numpy.h

@@ -29,10 +29,15 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
+#if defined(PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY) && !defined(PYBIND11_INTERNAL_NUMPY_1_ONLY_DETECTED)
+#    error PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY must be defined before any pybind11 header is included.
+#endif
+
 /* This will be true on all flat address space platforms and allows us to reduce the
    whole npy_intp / ssize_t / Py_intptr_t business down to just ssize_t for all size
    and dimension types (e.g. shape, strides, indexing), instead of inflicting this
-   upon the library user. */
+   upon the library user.
+   Note that NumPy 2 now uses ssize_t for `npy_intp` to simplify this. */
 static_assert(sizeof(::pybind11::ssize_t) == sizeof(Py_intptr_t), "ssize_t != Py_intptr_t");
 static_assert(std::is_signed<Py_intptr_t>::value, "Py_intptr_t must be signed");
 // We now can reinterpret_cast between py::ssize_t and Py_intptr_t (MSVC + PyPy cares)
@@ -41,10 +46,16 @@ PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(PYBIND11_NAMESPACE)
 
 PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_MSVC(4127)
 
+class dtype; // Forward declaration
 class array; // Forward declaration
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<dtype> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("numpy.dtype");
+};
+
 template <>
 struct handle_type_name<array> {
     static constexpr auto name = const_name("numpy.ndarray");
@@ -53,7 +64,8 @@ struct handle_type_name<array> {
 template <typename type, typename SFINAE = void>
 struct npy_format_descriptor;
 
-struct PyArrayDescr_Proxy {
+/* NumPy 1 proxy (always includes legacy fields) */
+struct PyArrayDescr1_Proxy {
     PyObject_HEAD
     PyObject *typeobj;
     char kind;
@@ -68,6 +80,43 @@ struct PyArrayDescr_Proxy {
     PyObject *names;
 };
 
+#ifndef PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
+struct PyArrayDescr_Proxy {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    PyObject *typeobj;
+    char kind;
+    char type;
+    char byteorder;
+    char _former_flags;
+    int type_num;
+    /* Additional fields are NumPy version specific. */
+};
+#else
+/* NumPy 1.x only, we can expose all fields */
+using PyArrayDescr_Proxy = PyArrayDescr1_Proxy;
+#endif
+
+/* NumPy 2 proxy, including legacy fields */
+struct PyArrayDescr2_Proxy {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    PyObject *typeobj;
+    char kind;
+    char type;
+    char byteorder;
+    char _former_flags;
+    int type_num;
+    std::uint64_t flags;
+    ssize_t elsize;
+    ssize_t alignment;
+    PyObject *metadata;
+    Py_hash_t hash;
+    void *reserved_null[2];
+    /* The following fields only exist if 0 <= type_num < 2056 */
+    char *subarray;
+    PyObject *fields;
+    PyObject *names;
+};
+
 struct PyArray_Proxy {
     PyObject_HEAD
     char *data;
@@ -131,6 +180,14 @@ PYBIND11_NOINLINE module_ import_numpy_core_submodule(const char *submodule_name
     object numpy_version = numpy_lib.attr("NumpyVersion")(version_string);
     int major_version = numpy_version.attr("major").cast<int>();
 
+#ifdef PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
+    if (major_version >= 2) {
+        throw std::runtime_error(
+            "This extension was built with PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY defined, "
+            "but NumPy 2 is used in this process. For NumPy2 compatibility, "
+            "this extension needs to be rebuilt without the PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY define.");
+    }
+#endif
     /* `numpy.core` was renamed to `numpy._core` in NumPy 2.0 as it officially
         became a private module. */
     std::string numpy_core_path = major_version >= 2 ? "numpy._core" : "numpy.core";
@@ -203,6 +260,8 @@ struct npy_api {
             NPY_ULONG_, NPY_ULONGLONG_, NPY_UINT_),
     };
 
+    unsigned int PyArray_RUNTIME_VERSION_;
+
     struct PyArray_Dims {
         Py_intptr_t *ptr;
         int len;
@@ -241,6 +300,7 @@ struct npy_api {
     PyObject *(*PyArray_FromAny_)(PyObject *, PyObject *, int, int, int, PyObject *);
     int (*PyArray_DescrConverter_)(PyObject *, PyObject **);
     bool (*PyArray_EquivTypes_)(PyObject *, PyObject *);
+#ifdef PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
     int (*PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject_)(PyObject *,
                                              PyObject *,
                                              unsigned char,
@@ -249,6 +309,7 @@ struct npy_api {
                                              Py_intptr_t *,
                                              PyObject **,
                                              PyObject *);
+#endif
     PyObject *(*PyArray_Squeeze_)(PyObject *);
     // Unused. Not removed because that affects ABI of the class.
     int (*PyArray_SetBaseObject_)(PyObject *, PyObject *);
@@ -266,7 +327,8 @@ private:
         API_PyArray_DescrFromScalar = 57,
         API_PyArray_FromAny = 69,
         API_PyArray_Resize = 80,
-        API_PyArray_CopyInto = 82,
+        // CopyInto was slot 82 and 50 was effectively an alias. NumPy 2 removed 82.
+        API_PyArray_CopyInto = 50,
         API_PyArray_NewCopy = 85,
         API_PyArray_NewFromDescr = 94,
         API_PyArray_DescrNewFromType = 96,
@@ -275,7 +337,9 @@ private:
         API_PyArray_View = 137,
         API_PyArray_DescrConverter = 174,
         API_PyArray_EquivTypes = 182,
+#ifdef PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
         API_PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject = 278,
+#endif
         API_PyArray_SetBaseObject = 282
     };
 
@@ -290,7 +354,8 @@ private:
         npy_api api;
 #define DECL_NPY_API(Func) api.Func##_ = (decltype(api.Func##_)) api_ptr[API_##Func];
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion);
-        if (api.PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion_() < 0x7) {
+        api.PyArray_RUNTIME_VERSION_ = api.PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion_();
+        if (api.PyArray_RUNTIME_VERSION_ < 0x7) {
             pybind11_fail("pybind11 numpy support requires numpy >= 1.7.0");
         }
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_Type);
@@ -309,7 +374,9 @@ private:
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_View);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_DescrConverter);
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_EquivTypes);
+#ifdef PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject);
+#endif
         DECL_NPY_API(PyArray_SetBaseObject);
 
 #undef DECL_NPY_API
@@ -331,6 +398,14 @@ inline const PyArrayDescr_Proxy *array_descriptor_proxy(const PyObject *ptr) {
     return reinterpret_cast<const PyArrayDescr_Proxy *>(ptr);
 }
 
+inline const PyArrayDescr1_Proxy *array_descriptor1_proxy(const PyObject *ptr) {
+    return reinterpret_cast<const PyArrayDescr1_Proxy *>(ptr);
+}
+
+inline const PyArrayDescr2_Proxy *array_descriptor2_proxy(const PyObject *ptr) {
+    return reinterpret_cast<const PyArrayDescr2_Proxy *>(ptr);
+}
+
 inline bool check_flags(const void *ptr, int flag) {
     return (flag == (array_proxy(ptr)->flags & flag));
 }
@@ -371,7 +446,7 @@ struct array_info<std::array<T, N>> {
     }
 
     static constexpr auto extents = const_name<array_info<T>::is_array>(
-        concat(const_name<N>(), array_info<T>::extents), const_name<N>());
+        ::pybind11::detail::concat(const_name<N>(), array_info<T>::extents), const_name<N>());
 };
 // For numpy we have special handling for arrays of characters, so we don't include
 // the size in the array extents.
@@ -610,10 +685,32 @@ public:
     }
 
     /// Size of the data type in bytes.
+#ifdef PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
     ssize_t itemsize() const { return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->elsize; }
+#else
+    ssize_t itemsize() const {
+        if (detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_RUNTIME_VERSION_ < 0x12) {
+            return detail::array_descriptor1_proxy(m_ptr)->elsize;
+        }
+        return detail::array_descriptor2_proxy(m_ptr)->elsize;
+    }
+#endif
 
     /// Returns true for structured data types.
+#ifdef PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
     bool has_fields() const { return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->names != nullptr; }
+#else
+    bool has_fields() const {
+        if (detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_RUNTIME_VERSION_ < 0x12) {
+            return detail::array_descriptor1_proxy(m_ptr)->names != nullptr;
+        }
+        const auto *proxy = detail::array_descriptor2_proxy(m_ptr);
+        if (proxy->type_num < 0 || proxy->type_num >= 2056) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return proxy->names != nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
 
     /// Single-character code for dtype's kind.
     /// For example, floating point types are 'f' and integral types are 'i'.
@@ -639,11 +736,29 @@ public:
     /// Single character for byteorder
     char byteorder() const { return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->byteorder; }
 
-    /// Alignment of the data type
+/// Alignment of the data type
+#ifdef PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
     int alignment() const { return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->alignment; }
+#else
+    ssize_t alignment() const {
+        if (detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_RUNTIME_VERSION_ < 0x12) {
+            return detail::array_descriptor1_proxy(m_ptr)->alignment;
+        }
+        return detail::array_descriptor2_proxy(m_ptr)->alignment;
+    }
+#endif
 
-    /// Flags for the array descriptor
+/// Flags for the array descriptor
+#ifdef PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
     char flags() const { return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(m_ptr)->flags; }
+#else
+    std::uint64_t flags() const {
+        if (detail::npy_api::get().PyArray_RUNTIME_VERSION_ < 0x12) {
+            return (unsigned char) detail::array_descriptor1_proxy(m_ptr)->flags;
+        }
+        return detail::array_descriptor2_proxy(m_ptr)->flags;
+    }
+#endif
 
 private:
     static object &_dtype_from_pep3118() {
@@ -810,9 +925,7 @@ public:
     }
 
     /// Byte size of a single element
-    ssize_t itemsize() const {
+    ssize_t itemsize() const { return dtype().itemsize(); }
-        return detail::array_descriptor_proxy(detail::array_proxy(m_ptr)->descr)->elsize;
-    }
 
     /// Total number of bytes
     ssize_t nbytes() const { return size() * itemsize(); }

include/pybind11/pybind11.h

@@ -492,9 +492,7 @@ protected:
                     signature += rec->scope.attr("__module__").cast<std::string>() + "."
                                  + rec->scope.attr("__qualname__").cast<std::string>();
                 } else {
-                    std::string tname(t->name());
+                    signature += detail::quote_cpp_type_name(detail::clean_type_id(t->name()));
-                    detail::clean_type_id(tname);
-                    signature += tname;
                 }
             } else {
                 signature += c;
@@ -1192,6 +1190,15 @@ protected:
     }
 };
 
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<cpp_function> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Callable");
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
 /// Wrapper for Python extension modules
 class module_ : public object {
 public:
@@ -1319,6 +1326,15 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
+
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<module_> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("module");
+};
+
+PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)
+
 // When inside a namespace (or anywhere as long as it's not the first item on a line),
 // C++20 allows "module" to be used. This is provided for backward compatibility, and for
 // simplicity, if someone wants to use py::module for example, that is perfectly safe.
@@ -2611,6 +2627,11 @@ public:
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<exception<void>> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Exception");
+};
+
 // Helper function for register_exception and register_local_exception
 template <typename CppException>
 exception<CppException> &

include/pybind11/pytypes.h

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ struct sequence_item;
 struct list_item;
 struct tuple_item;
 } // namespace accessor_policies
+// PLEASE KEEP handle_type_name SPECIALIZATIONS IN SYNC.
 using obj_attr_accessor = accessor<accessor_policies::obj_attr>;
 using str_attr_accessor = accessor<accessor_policies::str_attr>;
 using item_accessor = accessor<accessor_policies::generic_item>;

include/pybind11/stl.h

@@ -421,7 +421,8 @@ struct variant_caster<V<Ts...>> {
 
     using Type = V<Ts...>;
     PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(Type,
-                         const_name("Union[") + detail::concat(make_caster<Ts>::name...)
+                         const_name("Union[")
+                             + ::pybind11::detail::concat(make_caster<Ts>::name...)
                              + const_name("]"));
 };
 

include/pybind11/stl_bind.h

@@ -158,8 +158,7 @@ void vector_modifiers(
         return v.release();
     }));
 
-    cl.def(
+    cl.def("clear", [](Vector &v) { v.clear(); }, "Clear the contents");
-        "clear", [](Vector &v) { v.clear(); }, "Clear the contents");
 
     cl.def(
         "extend",

include/pybind11/typing.h

@@ -69,8 +69,9 @@ PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
 
 template <typename... Types>
 struct handle_type_name<typing::Tuple<Types...>> {
-    static constexpr auto name
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("tuple[")
-        = const_name("tuple[") + concat(make_caster<Types>::name...) + const_name("]");
+                                 + ::pybind11::detail::concat(make_caster<Types>::name...)
+                                 + const_name("]");
 };
 
 template <>
@@ -79,6 +80,13 @@ struct handle_type_name<typing::Tuple<>> {
     static constexpr auto name = const_name("tuple[()]");
 };
 
+template <typename T>
+struct handle_type_name<typing::Tuple<T, ellipsis>> {
+    // PEP 484 specifies this syntax for a variable-length tuple
+    static constexpr auto name
+        = const_name("tuple[") + make_caster<T>::name + const_name(", ...]");
+};
+
 template <typename K, typename V>
 struct handle_type_name<typing::Dict<K, V>> {
     static constexpr auto name = const_name("dict[") + make_caster<K>::name + const_name(", ")
@@ -108,9 +116,9 @@ struct handle_type_name<typing::Iterator<T>> {
 template <typename Return, typename... Args>
 struct handle_type_name<typing::Callable<Return(Args...)>> {
     using retval_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<Return, void>::value, void_type, Return>;
-    static constexpr auto name = const_name("Callable[[") + concat(make_caster<Args>::name...)
+    static constexpr auto name
-                                 + const_name("], ") + make_caster<retval_type>::name
+        = const_name("Callable[[") + ::pybind11::detail::concat(make_caster<Args>::name...)
-                                 + const_name("]");
+          + const_name("], ") + make_caster<retval_type>::name + const_name("]");
 };
 
 PYBIND11_NAMESPACE_END(detail)

pybind11/_version.py

@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ def _to_int(s: str) -> Union[int, str]:
         return s
 
 
-__version__ = "2.12.0.dev1"
+__version__ = "2.13.0.dev1"
 version_info = tuple(_to_int(s) for s in __version__.split("."))

pybind11/setup_helpers.py

@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ CCompilerMethod = Callable[
         distutils.ccompiler.CCompiler,
         List[str],
         Optional[str],
-        Optional[Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]],
+        Optional[List[Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]]],
         Optional[List[str]],
         bool,
         Optional[List[str]],
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ class ParallelCompile:
             compiler: distutils.ccompiler.CCompiler,
             sources: List[str],
             output_dir: Optional[str] = None,
-            macros: Optional[Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]] = None,
+            macros: Optional[List[Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]]] = None,
             include_dirs: Optional[List[str]] = None,
             debug: bool = False,
             extra_preargs: Optional[List[str]] = None,

pyproject.toml

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ ignore = [
 
 [tool.mypy]
 files = ["pybind11"]
-python_version = "3.7"
+python_version = "3.8"
 strict = true
 show_error_codes = true
 enable_error_code = ["ignore-without-code", "redundant-expr", "truthy-bool"]

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@
 
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
 
-# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)` syntax does not work with
+# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)` syntax does not work with
 # some versions of VS that have a patched CMake 3.11. This forces us to emulate
 # the behavior using the following workaround:
-if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.27)
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.29)
   cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
 else()
-  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.27)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.29)
 endif()
 
 # Filter out items; print an optional message if any items filtered. This ignores extensions.
@@ -520,11 +520,15 @@ set(PYBIND11_TEST_PREFIX_COMMAND
     ""
     CACHE STRING "Put this before pytest, use for checkers and such")
 
+set(PYBIND11_PYTEST_ARGS
+    ""
+    CACHE STRING "Extra arguments for pytest")
+
 # A single command to compile and run the tests
 add_custom_target(
   pytest
   COMMAND ${PYBIND11_TEST_PREFIX_COMMAND} ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} -m pytest
-          ${PYBIND11_ABS_PYTEST_FILES}
+          ${PYBIND11_ABS_PYTEST_FILES} ${PYBIND11_PYTEST_ARGS}
   DEPENDS ${test_targets}
   WORKING_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}"
   USES_TERMINAL)

tests/conftest.py

@@ -218,4 +218,5 @@ def pytest_report_header(config):
         f" {pybind11_tests.cpp_std}"
         f" {pybind11_tests.PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID}"
         f" PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT={pybind11_tests.PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT}"
+        f" PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY={pybind11_tests.PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY}"
     )

tests/pybind11_tests.cpp

@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ PYBIND11_MODULE(pybind11_tests, m) {
 
     // Intentionally kept minimal to not create a maintenance chore
     // ("just enough" to be conclusive).
-#if defined(_MSC_FULL_VER)
+#if defined(__VERSION__)
-    m.attr("compiler_info") = "MSVC " PYBIND11_TOSTRING(_MSC_FULL_VER);
-#elif defined(__VERSION__)
     m.attr("compiler_info") = __VERSION__;
+#elif defined(_MSC_FULL_VER)
+    m.attr("compiler_info") = "MSVC " PYBIND11_TOSTRING(_MSC_FULL_VER);
 #else
     m.attr("compiler_info") = py::none();
 #endif
@@ -95,6 +95,12 @@ PYBIND11_MODULE(pybind11_tests, m) {
 #else
         false;
 #endif
+    m.attr("PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY") =
+#if defined(PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY)
+        true;
+#else
+        false;
+#endif
 
     bind_ConstructorStats(m);
 

tests/test_builtin_casters.cpp

@@ -104,9 +104,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
     m.def("good_utf16_string", [=]() {
         return std::u16string({b16, ib16, cake16_1, cake16_2, mathbfA16_1, mathbfA16_2, z16});
     }); // b‽🎂𝐀z
-    m.def("good_utf32_string", [=]() {
+    m.def("good_utf32_string",
-        return std::u32string({a32, mathbfA32, cake32, ib32, z32});
+          [=]() { return std::u32string({a32, mathbfA32, cake32, ib32, z32}); }); // a𝐀🎂‽z
-    });                                                 // a𝐀🎂‽z
     m.def("good_wchar_string", [=]() { return wstr; });                           // a‽𝐀z
     m.def("bad_utf8_string", []() {
         return std::string("abc\xd0"
@@ -117,9 +116,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
     // UnicodeDecodeError
     m.def("bad_utf32_string", [=]() { return std::u32string({a32, char32_t(0xd800), z32}); });
     if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2) {
-        m.def("bad_wchar_string", [=]() {
+        m.def("bad_wchar_string",
-            return std::wstring({wchar_t(0x61), wchar_t(0xd800)});
+              [=]() { return std::wstring({wchar_t(0x61), wchar_t(0xd800)}); });
-        });
     }
     m.def("u8_Z", []() -> char { return 'Z'; });
     m.def("u8_eacute", []() -> char { return '\xe9'; });
@@ -236,8 +234,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
 
     // test_int_convert
     m.def("int_passthrough", [](int arg) { return arg; });
-    m.def(
+    m.def("int_passthrough_noconvert", [](int arg) { return arg; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
-        "int_passthrough_noconvert", [](int arg) { return arg; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
 
     // test_tuple
     m.def(
@@ -302,8 +299,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
 
     // test_bool_caster
     m.def("bool_passthrough", [](bool arg) { return arg; });
-    m.def(
+    m.def("bool_passthrough_noconvert", [](bool arg) { return arg; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
-        "bool_passthrough_noconvert", [](bool arg) { return arg; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
 
     // TODO: This should be disabled and fixed in future Intel compilers
 #if !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
@@ -311,8 +307,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
     // When compiled with the Intel compiler, this results in segmentation faults when importing
     // the module. Tested with icc (ICC) 2021.1 Beta 20200827, this should be tested again when
     // a newer version of icc is available.
-    m.def(
+    m.def("bool_passthrough_noconvert2", [](bool arg) { return arg; }, py::arg().noconvert());
-        "bool_passthrough_noconvert2", [](bool arg) { return arg; }, py::arg().noconvert());
 #endif
 
     // test_reference_wrapper

tests/test_call_policies.cpp

@@ -63,10 +63,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(call_policies, m) {
         .def("returnNullChildKeepAliveParent", &Parent::returnNullChild, py::keep_alive<0, 1>())
         .def_static("staticFunction", &Parent::staticFunction, py::keep_alive<1, 0>());
 
-    m.def(
+    m.def("free_function", [](Parent *, Child *) {}, py::keep_alive<1, 2>());
-        "free_function", [](Parent *, Child *) {}, py::keep_alive<1, 2>());
+    m.def("invalid_arg_index", [] {}, py::keep_alive<0, 1>());
-    m.def(
-        "invalid_arg_index", [] {}, py::keep_alive<0, 1>());
 
 #if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
     // test_alive_gc

tests/test_class.cpp

@@ -461,8 +461,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(class_, m) {
     py::class_<Nested>(base, "Nested")
         .def(py::init<>())
         .def("fn", [](Nested &, int, NestBase &, Nested &) {})
-        .def(
+        .def("fa", [](Nested &, int, NestBase &, Nested &) {}, "a"_a, "b"_a, "c"_a);
-            "fa", [](Nested &, int, NestBase &, Nested &) {}, "a"_a, "b"_a, "c"_a);
     base.def("g", [](NestBase &, Nested &) {});
     base.def("h", []() { return NestBase(); });
 

tests/test_cmake_build/installed_embed/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
 
-# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)` syntax does not work with
+# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)` syntax does not work with
 # some versions of VS that have a patched CMake 3.11. This forces us to emulate
 # the behavior using the following workaround:
-if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.27)
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.29)
   cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
 else()
-  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.27)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.29)
 endif()
 
 project(test_installed_embed CXX)

tests/test_cmake_build/installed_function/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
 project(test_installed_module CXX)
 
-# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)` syntax does not work with
+# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)` syntax does not work with
 # some versions of VS that have a patched CMake 3.11. This forces us to emulate
 # the behavior using the following workaround:
-if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.27)
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.29)
   cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
 else()
-  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.27)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.29)
 endif()
 
 project(test_installed_function CXX)

tests/test_cmake_build/installed_target/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
 
-# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)` syntax does not work with
+# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)` syntax does not work with
 # some versions of VS that have a patched CMake 3.11. This forces us to emulate
 # the behavior using the following workaround:
-if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.27)
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.29)
   cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
 else()
-  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.27)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.29)
 endif()
 
 project(test_installed_target CXX)

tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_embed/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
 
-# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)` syntax does not work with
+# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)` syntax does not work with
 # some versions of VS that have a patched CMake 3.11. This forces us to emulate
 # the behavior using the following workaround:
-if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.27)
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.29)
   cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
 else()
-  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.27)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.29)
 endif()
 
 project(test_subdirectory_embed CXX)

tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_function/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
 
-# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)` syntax does not work with
+# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)` syntax does not work with
 # some versions of VS that have a patched CMake 3.11. This forces us to emulate
 # the behavior using the following workaround:
-if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.27)
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.29)
   cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
 else()
-  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.27)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.29)
 endif()
 
 project(test_subdirectory_function CXX)

tests/test_cmake_build/subdirectory_target/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
 
-# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.27)` syntax does not work with
+# The `cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.29)` syntax does not work with
 # some versions of VS that have a patched CMake 3.11. This forces us to emulate
 # the behavior using the following workaround:
-if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.27)
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.29)
   cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
 else()
-  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.27)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION 3.29)
 endif()
 
 project(test_subdirectory_target CXX)

tests/test_constants_and_functions.cpp

@@ -54,7 +54,11 @@ int f2(int x) noexcept(true) { return x + 2; }
 int f3(int x) noexcept(false) { return x + 3; }
 PYBIND11_WARNING_PUSH
 PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_GCC("-Wdeprecated")
+#if defined(__clang_major__) && __clang_major__ >= 5
+PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_CLANG("-Wdeprecated-dynamic-exception-spec")
+#else
 PYBIND11_WARNING_DISABLE_CLANG("-Wdeprecated")
+#endif
 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(modernize-use-noexcept)
 int f4(int x) throw() { return x + 4; } // Deprecated equivalent to noexcept(true)
 PYBIND11_WARNING_POP

tests/test_copy_move.cpp

@@ -289,8 +289,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(copy_move_policies, m) {
         "get_moveissue1",
         [](int i) { return std::unique_ptr<MoveIssue1>(new MoveIssue1(i)); },
         py::return_value_policy::move);
-    m.def(
+    m.def("get_moveissue2", [](int i) { return MoveIssue2(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
-        "get_moveissue2", [](int i) { return MoveIssue2(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
 
     // Make sure that cast from pytype rvalue to other pytype works
     m.def("get_pytype_rvalue_castissue", [](double i) { return py::float_(i).cast<py::int_>(); });

tests/test_custom_type_casters.cpp

@@ -134,6 +134,16 @@ struct type_caster<other_lib::MyType> : public other_lib::my_caster {};
 } // namespace detail
 } // namespace PYBIND11_NAMESPACE
 
+// This simply is required to compile
+namespace ADL_issue {
+template <typename OutStringType = std::string, typename... Args>
+OutStringType concat(Args &&...) {
+    return OutStringType();
+}
+
+struct test {};
+} // namespace ADL_issue
+
 TEST_SUBMODULE(custom_type_casters, m) {
     // test_custom_type_casters
 
@@ -175,14 +185,10 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(custom_type_casters, m) {
         py::arg_v(nullptr, ArgInspector1()).noconvert(true),
         py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts());
 
-    m.def(
+    m.def("floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, "f"_a);
-        "floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, "f"_a);
+    m.def("floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, "f"_a.noconvert());
-    m.def(
+    m.def("ints_preferred", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, "i"_a);
-        "floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, "f"_a.noconvert());
+    m.def("ints_only", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, "i"_a.noconvert());
-    m.def(
-        "ints_preferred", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, "i"_a);
-    m.def(
-        "ints_only", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, "i"_a.noconvert());
 
     // test_custom_caster_destruction
     // Test that `take_ownership` works on types with a custom type caster when given a pointer
@@ -206,4 +212,6 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(custom_type_casters, m) {
           py::return_value_policy::reference);
 
     m.def("other_lib_type", [](other_lib::MyType x) { return x; });
+
+    m.def("_adl_issue", [](const ADL_issue::test &) {});
 }

tests/test_docstring_options.cpp

@@ -15,37 +15,26 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(docstring_options, m) {
         py::options options;
         options.disable_function_signatures();
 
-        m.def(
+        m.def("test_function1", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
-            "test_function1", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
+        m.def("test_function2", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
-        m.def(
-            "test_function2", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
 
-        m.def(
+        m.def("test_overloaded1", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "Overload docstring");
-            "test_overloaded1", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "Overload docstring");
+        m.def("test_overloaded1", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"));
-        m.def(
-            "test_overloaded1", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"));
 
-        m.def(
+        m.def("test_overloaded2", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "overload docstring 1");
-            "test_overloaded2", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "overload docstring 1");
+        m.def("test_overloaded2", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "overload docstring 2");
-        m.def(
-            "test_overloaded2", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "overload docstring 2");
 
-        m.def(
+        m.def("test_overloaded3", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"));
-            "test_overloaded3", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"));
+        m.def("test_overloaded3", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "Overload docstr");
-        m.def(
-            "test_overloaded3", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "Overload docstr");
 
         options.enable_function_signatures();
 
-        m.def(
+        m.def("test_function3", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
-            "test_function3", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
+        m.def("test_function4", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
-        m.def(
-            "test_function4", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
 
         options.disable_function_signatures().disable_user_defined_docstrings();
 
-        m.def(
+        m.def("test_function5", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
-            "test_function5", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
 
         {
             py::options nested_options;
@@ -59,8 +48,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(docstring_options, m) {
         }
     }
 
-    m.def(
+    m.def("test_function7", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
-        "test_function7", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
 
     {
         py::options options;

tests/test_eigen_matrix.cpp

@@ -340,12 +340,10 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(eigen_matrix, m) {
     if (have_numpy) {
         py::module_::import("numpy");
         Eigen::Matrix<double, 3, 3> defaultMatrix = Eigen::Matrix3d::Identity();
-        m.def(
+        m.def("defaults_mat", [](const Eigen::Matrix3d &) {}, py::arg("mat") = defaultMatrix);
-            "defaults_mat", [](const Eigen::Matrix3d &) {}, py::arg("mat") = defaultMatrix);
 
         Eigen::VectorXd defaultVector = Eigen::VectorXd::Ones(32);
-        m.def(
+        m.def("defaults_vec", [](const Eigen::VectorXd &) {}, py::arg("vec") = defaultMatrix);
-            "defaults_vec", [](const Eigen::VectorXd &) {}, py::arg("vec") = defaultMatrix);
     }
     // test_sparse, test_sparse_signature
     m.def("sparse_r", [mat]() -> SparseMatrixR {

tests/test_eigen_matrix.py

@@ -608,7 +608,9 @@ def test_both_ref_mutators():
 def test_nocopy_wrapper():
     # get_elem requires a column-contiguous matrix reference, but should be
     # callable with other types of matrix (via copying):
-    int_matrix_colmajor = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], order="F")
+    int_matrix_colmajor = np.array(
+        [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], dtype="l", order="F"
+    )
     dbl_matrix_colmajor = np.array(
         int_matrix_colmajor, dtype="double", order="F", copy=True
     )

tests/test_eigen_tensor.inl

@@ -121,8 +121,7 @@ void init_tensor_module(pybind11::module &m) {
         []() { return &get_fixed_tensor<Options>(); },
         py::return_value_policy::copy);
 
-    m.def(
+    m.def("copy_tensor", []() { return &get_tensor<Options>(); }, py::return_value_policy::copy);
-        "copy_tensor", []() { return &get_tensor<Options>(); }, py::return_value_policy::copy);
 
     m.def(
         "copy_const_tensor",

tests/test_exceptions.cpp

@@ -382,4 +382,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(exceptions, m) {
         // function returns None instead of int, should give a useful error message
         fn().cast<int>();
     });
+
+    // m.def("pass_exception_void", [](const py::exception<void>&) {}); // Does not compile.
+    m.def("return_exception_void", []() { return py::exception<void>(); });
 }

tests/test_exceptions.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import pytest
 
 import env
 import pybind11_cross_module_tests as cm
-import pybind11_tests  # noqa: F401
+import pybind11_tests
 from pybind11_tests import exceptions as m
 
 
@@ -248,6 +248,11 @@ def test_nested_throws(capture):
     assert str(excinfo.value) == "this is a helper-defined translated exception"
 
 
+# TODO: Investigate this crash, see pybind/pybind11#5062 for background
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.platform.startswith("win32") and "Clang" in pybind11_tests.compiler_info,
+    reason="Started segfaulting February 2024",
+)
 def test_throw_nested_exception():
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
         m.throw_nested_exception()
@@ -419,3 +424,9 @@ def test_fn_cast_int_exception():
     assert str(excinfo.value).startswith(
         "Unable to cast Python instance of type <class 'NoneType'> to C++ type"
     )
+
+
+def test_return_exception_void():
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
+        m.return_exception_void()
+    assert "Exception" in str(excinfo.value)

tests/test_iostream.py

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def test_captured_large_string(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_2byte_offset0(capsys):
-    msg = "\u07FF"
+    msg = "\u07ff"
     msg = "" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_2byte_offset0(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_2byte_offset1(capsys):
-    msg = "\u07FF"
+    msg = "\u07ff"
     msg = "1" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_2byte_offset1(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset0(capsys):
-    msg = "\uFFFF"
+    msg = "\uffff"
     msg = "" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset0(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset1(capsys):
-    msg = "\uFFFF"
+    msg = "\uffff"
     msg = "1" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset1(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset2(capsys):
-    msg = "\uFFFF"
+    msg = "\uffff"
     msg = "12" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset2(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset0(capsys):
-    msg = "\U0010FFFF"
+    msg = "\U0010ffff"
     msg = "" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset0(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset1(capsys):
-    msg = "\U0010FFFF"
+    msg = "\U0010ffff"
     msg = "1" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset1(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset2(capsys):
-    msg = "\U0010FFFF"
+    msg = "\U0010ffff"
     msg = "12" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset2(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset3(capsys):
-    msg = "\U0010FFFF"
+    msg = "\U0010ffff"
     msg = "123" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)

tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp

@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(kwargs_and_defaults, m) {
     m.def("kw_func0", kw_func);
     m.def("kw_func1", kw_func, py::arg("x"), py::arg("y"));
     m.def("kw_func2", kw_func, py::arg("x") = 100, py::arg("y") = 200);
-    m.def(
+    m.def("kw_func3", [](const char *) {}, py::arg("data") = std::string("Hello world!"));
-        "kw_func3", [](const char *) {}, py::arg("data") = std::string("Hello world!"));
 
     /* A fancier default argument */
     std::vector<int> list{{13, 17}};
@@ -79,14 +78,12 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(kwargs_and_defaults, m) {
         "kw_lb_func5",
         [](const CustomRepr &) {},
         py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr("array([[A, B],\r  [C, D]])"));
-    m.def(
+    m.def("kw_lb_func6", [](const CustomRepr &) {}, py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr(" \v\t "));
-        "kw_lb_func6", [](const CustomRepr &) {}, py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr(" \v\t "));
     m.def(
         "kw_lb_func7",
         [](const std::string &) {},
         py::arg("str_arg") = "First line.\n  Second line.");
-    m.def(
+    m.def("kw_lb_func8", [](const CustomRepr &) {}, py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr(""));
-        "kw_lb_func8", [](const CustomRepr &) {}, py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr(""));
 
     // test_args_and_kwargs
     m.def("args_function", [](py::args args) -> py::tuple {
@@ -279,11 +276,9 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(kwargs_and_defaults, m) {
     // These should fail to compile:
 #ifdef PYBIND11_NEVER_DEFINED_EVER
     // argument annotations are required when using kw_only
-    m.def(
+    m.def("bad_kw_only1", [](int) {}, py::kw_only());
-        "bad_kw_only1", [](int) {}, py::kw_only());
     // can't specify both `py::kw_only` and a `py::args` argument
-    m.def(
+    m.def("bad_kw_only2", [](int i, py::args) {}, py::kw_only(), "i"_a);
-        "bad_kw_only2", [](int i, py::args) {}, py::kw_only(), "i"_a);
 #endif
 
     // test_function_signatures (along with most of the above)

tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp

@@ -374,8 +374,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(methods_and_attributes, m) {
     m.def("overload_order", [](const std::string &) { return 1; });
     m.def("overload_order", [](const std::string &) { return 2; });
     m.def("overload_order", [](int) { return 3; });
-    m.def(
+    m.def("overload_order", [](int) { return 4; }, py::prepend{});
-        "overload_order", [](int) { return 4; }, py::prepend{});
 
 #if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
     // test_dynamic_attributes

tests/test_numpy_array.cpp

@@ -287,8 +287,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
     // [workaround(intel)] ICC 20/21 breaks with py::arg().stuff, using py::arg{}.stuff works.
 
     // Only accept the exact types:
-    sm.def(
+    sm.def("overloaded3", [](const py::array_t<int> &) { return "int"; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
-        "overloaded3", [](const py::array_t<int> &) { return "int"; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
     sm.def(
         "overloaded3",
         [](const py::array_t<double> &) { return "double"; },
@@ -444,9 +443,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
     });
 
     // resize to 3D array with each dimension = N
-    sm.def("array_resize3", [](py::array_t<double> a, size_t N, bool refcheck) {
+    sm.def("array_resize3",
-        a.resize({N, N, N}, refcheck);
+           [](py::array_t<double> a, size_t N, bool refcheck) { a.resize({N, N, N}, refcheck); });
-    });
 
     // test_array_create_and_resize
     // return 2D array with Nrows = Ncols = N
@@ -460,9 +458,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
     sm.def("array_view",
            [](py::array_t<uint8_t> a, const std::string &dtype) { return a.view(dtype); });
 
-    sm.def("reshape_initializer_list", [](py::array_t<int> a, size_t N, size_t M, size_t O) {
+    sm.def("reshape_initializer_list",
-        return a.reshape({N, M, O});
+           [](py::array_t<int> a, size_t N, size_t M, size_t O) { return a.reshape({N, M, O}); });
-    });
     sm.def("reshape_tuple", [](py::array_t<int> a, const std::vector<int> &new_shape) {
         return a.reshape(new_shape);
     });
@@ -471,8 +468,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
            [](const py::array &a) { return a[py::make_tuple(0, py::ellipsis(), 0)]; });
 
     // test_argument_conversions
-    sm.def(
+    sm.def("accept_double", [](const py::array_t<double, 0> &) {}, py::arg("a"));
-        "accept_double", [](const py::array_t<double, 0> &) {}, py::arg("a"));
     sm.def(
         "accept_double_forcecast",
         [](const py::array_t<double, py::array::forcecast> &) {},
@@ -493,8 +489,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
         "accept_double_f_style_forcecast",
         [](const py::array_t<double, py::array::forcecast | py::array::f_style> &) {},
         py::arg("a"));
-    sm.def(
+    sm.def("accept_double_noconvert", [](const py::array_t<double, 0> &) {}, "a"_a.noconvert());
-        "accept_double_noconvert", [](const py::array_t<double, 0> &) {}, "a"_a.noconvert());
     sm.def(
         "accept_double_forcecast_noconvert",
         [](const py::array_t<double, py::array::forcecast> &) {},

tests/test_numpy_array.py

@@ -536,7 +536,12 @@ def test_format_descriptors_for_floating_point_types(test_func):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("contiguity", [None, "C", "F"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("noconvert", [False, True])
 @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
-    "ignore:Casting complex values to real discards the imaginary part:numpy.ComplexWarning"
+    "ignore:Casting complex values to real discards the imaginary part:"
+    + (
+        "numpy.exceptions.ComplexWarning"
+        if hasattr(np, "exceptions")
+        else "numpy.ComplexWarning"
+    )
 )
 def test_argument_conversions(forcecast, contiguity, noconvert):
     function_name = "accept_double"
@@ -583,7 +588,8 @@ def test_argument_conversions(forcecast, contiguity, noconvert):
 def test_dtype_refcount_leak():
     from sys import getrefcount
 
-    dtype = np.dtype(np.float_)
+    # Was np.float_ but that alias for float64 was removed in NumPy 2.
+    dtype = np.dtype(np.float64)
     a = np.array([1], dtype=dtype)
     before = getrefcount(dtype)
     m.ndim(a)

tests/test_numpy_dtypes.cpp

@@ -405,10 +405,35 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_dtypes, m) {
     });
 
     // test_dtype
+    // Below we use `L` for unsigned long as unfortunately the only name that
+    // works reliably on Both NumPy 2.x and old NumPy 1.x.
     std::vector<const char *> dtype_names{
-        "byte",    "short",   "intc",        "int_",  "longlong",   "ubyte",       "ushort",
+        "byte",
-        "uintc",   "uint",    "ulonglong",   "half",  "single",     "double",      "longdouble",
+        "short",
-        "csingle", "cdouble", "clongdouble", "bool_", "datetime64", "timedelta64", "object_"};
+        "intc",
+        "long",
+        "longlong",
+        "ubyte",
+        "ushort",
+        "uintc",
+        "L",
+        "ulonglong",
+        "half",
+        "single",
+        "double",
+        "longdouble",
+        "csingle",
+        "cdouble",
+        "clongdouble",
+        "bool_",
+        "datetime64",
+        "timedelta64",
+        "object_",
+        // platform dependent aliases (int_ and uint are also NumPy version dependent on windows)
+        "int_",
+        "uint",
+        "intp",
+        "uintp"};
 
     m.def("print_dtypes", []() {
         py::list l;

tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import re
 import pytest
 
 import env  # noqa: F401
+from pybind11_tests import PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY
 from pybind11_tests import numpy_dtypes as m
 
 np = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
@@ -76,9 +77,7 @@ def partial_nested_fmt():
     partial_size = partial_ld_off + ld.itemsize
     partial_end_padding = partial_size % np.dtype("uint64").alignment
     partial_nested_size = partial_nested_off * 2 + partial_size + partial_end_padding
-    return "{{'names':['a'],'formats':[{}],'offsets':[{}],'itemsize':{}}}".format(
+    return f"{{'names':['a'],'formats':[{partial_dtype_fmt()}],'offsets':[{partial_nested_off}],'itemsize':{partial_nested_size}}}"
-        partial_dtype_fmt(), partial_nested_off, partial_nested_size
-    )
 
 
 def assert_equal(actual, expected_data, expected_dtype):
@@ -172,13 +171,20 @@ def test_dtype(simple_dtype):
         np.zeros(1, m.trailing_padding_dtype())
     )
 
-    expected_chars = "bhilqBHILQefdgFDG?MmO"
+    expected_chars = list("bhilqBHILQefdgFDG?MmO")
-    assert m.test_dtype_kind() == list("iiiiiuuuuuffffcccbMmO")
+    # Note that int_ and uint size and mapping is NumPy version dependent:
+    expected_chars += [np.dtype(_).char for _ in ("int_", "uint", "intp", "uintp")]
+    assert m.test_dtype_kind() == list("iiiiiuuuuuffffcccbMmOiuiu")
     assert m.test_dtype_char_() == list(expected_chars)
     assert m.test_dtype_num() == [np.dtype(ch).num for ch in expected_chars]
     assert m.test_dtype_byteorder() == [np.dtype(ch).byteorder for ch in expected_chars]
     assert m.test_dtype_alignment() == [np.dtype(ch).alignment for ch in expected_chars]
-    assert m.test_dtype_flags() == [chr(np.dtype(ch).flags) for ch in expected_chars]
+    if not PYBIND11_NUMPY_1_ONLY:
+        assert m.test_dtype_flags() == [np.dtype(ch).flags for ch in expected_chars]
+    else:
+        assert m.test_dtype_flags() == [
+            chr(np.dtype(ch).flags) for ch in expected_chars
+        ]
 
 
 def test_recarray(simple_dtype, packed_dtype):

tests/test_pytypes.cpp

@@ -41,6 +41,15 @@ class float_ : public py::object {
 };
 } // namespace external
 
+namespace pybind11 {
+namespace detail {
+template <>
+struct handle_type_name<external::float_> {
+    static constexpr auto name = const_name("float");
+};
+} // namespace detail
+} // namespace pybind11
+
 namespace implicit_conversion_from_0_to_handle {
 // Uncomment to trigger compiler error. Note: Before PR #4008 this used to compile successfully.
 // void expected_to_trigger_compiler_error() { py::handle(0); }
@@ -825,6 +834,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(pytypes, m) {
 
     m.def("annotate_tuple_float_str", [](const py::typing::Tuple<py::float_, py::str> &) {});
     m.def("annotate_tuple_empty", [](const py::typing::Tuple<> &) {});
+    m.def("annotate_tuple_variable_length",
+          [](const py::typing::Tuple<py::float_, py::ellipsis> &) {});
     m.def("annotate_dict_str_int", [](const py::typing::Dict<py::str, int> &) {});
     m.def("annotate_list_int", [](const py::typing::List<int> &) {});
     m.def("annotate_set_str", [](const py::typing::Set<std::string> &) {});

tests/test_pytypes.py

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def test_set(capture, doc):
     assert m.anyset_contains({"foo"}, "foo")
 
     assert doc(m.get_set) == "get_set() -> set"
-    assert doc(m.print_anyset) == "print_anyset(arg0: anyset) -> None"
+    assert doc(m.print_anyset) == "print_anyset(arg0: Union[set, frozenset]) -> None"
 
 
 def test_frozenset(capture, doc):
@@ -911,6 +911,13 @@ def test_tuple_empty_annotations(doc):
     )
 
 
+def test_tuple_variable_length_annotations(doc):
+    assert (
+        doc(m.annotate_tuple_variable_length)
+        == "annotate_tuple_variable_length(arg0: tuple[float, ...]) -> None"
+    )
+
+
 def test_dict_annotations(doc):
     assert (
         doc(m.annotate_dict_str_int)

tests/test_stl.cpp

@@ -217,9 +217,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(stl, m) {
     // NB: map and set keys are `const`, so while we technically do move them (as `const Type &&`),
     // casters don't typically do anything with that, which means they fall to the `const Type &`
     // caster.
-    m.def("cast_rv_map", []() {
+    m.def("cast_rv_map",
-        return std::unordered_map<std::string, RValueCaster>{{"a", RValueCaster{}}};
+          []() { return std::unordered_map<std::string, RValueCaster>{{"a", RValueCaster{}}}; });
-    });
     m.def("cast_rv_nested", []() {
         std::vector<std::array<std::list<std::unordered_map<std::string, RValueCaster>>, 2>> v;
         v.emplace_back();           // add an array
@@ -497,8 +496,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(stl, m) {
     });
 
     // test_stl_pass_by_pointer
-    m.def(
+    m.def("stl_pass_by_pointer", [](std::vector<int> *v) { return *v; }, "v"_a = nullptr);
-        "stl_pass_by_pointer", [](std::vector<int> *v) { return *v; }, "v"_a = nullptr);
 
     // #1258: pybind11/stl.h converts string to vector<string>
     m.def("func_with_string_or_vector_string_arg_overload",

tests/test_stl_binders.cpp

@@ -270,7 +270,6 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(stl_binders, m) {
     PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(VStruct, w, x, y, z);
     py::class_<VStruct>(m, "VStruct").def_readwrite("x", &VStruct::x);
     py::bind_vector<std::vector<VStruct>>(m, "VectorStruct", py::buffer_protocol());
-    m.def("get_vectorstruct", [] {
+    m.def("get_vectorstruct",
-        return std::vector<VStruct>{{false, 5, 3.0, true}, {true, 30, -1e4, false}};
+          [] { return std::vector<VStruct>{{false, 5, 3.0, true}, {true, 30, -1e4, false}}; });
-    });
 }

tools/make_changelog.py

@@ -67,10 +67,12 @@ for issue in issues:
 for cat, msgs in cats.items():
     if msgs:
         desc = cats_descr[cat]
-        print(f"[bold]{desc}:\n" if desc else "")
+        print(f"[bold]{desc}:" if desc else f".. {cat}")
+        print()
         for msg in msgs:
             print(Syntax(msg, "rst", theme="ansi_light", word_wrap=True))
             print()
+        print()
 
 if missing:
     print()

tools/pybind11Common.cmake

@@ -173,12 +173,16 @@ endif()
 # Check to see which Python mode we are in, new, old, or no python
 if(PYBIND11_NOPYTHON)
   set(_pybind11_nopython ON)
+  # We won't use new FindPython if PYBIND11_FINDPYTHON is defined and falselike
+  # Otherwise, we use if FindPythonLibs is missing or if FindPython was already used
 elseif(
-  _pybind11_missing_old_python STREQUAL "NEW"
+  (NOT DEFINED PYBIND11_FINDPYTHON OR PYBIND11_FINDPYTHON)
+  AND (_pybind11_missing_old_python STREQUAL "NEW"
        OR PYBIND11_FINDPYTHON
        OR Python_FOUND
-  OR Python2_FOUND
+       OR Python3_FOUND
-  OR Python3_FOUND)
+      ))
+
   # New mode
   include("${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/pybind11NewTools.cmake")