diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 2bb47b21c..9f05b997b 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ repos:
 
 # Clang format the codebase automatically
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
-  rev: "v17.0.6"
+  rev: "v18.1.2"
   hooks:
   - id: clang-format
     types_or: [c++, c, cuda]
 
 # Ruff, the Python auto-correcting linter/formatter written in Rust
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.2.0
+  rev: v0.3.5
   hooks:
   - id: ruff
     args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
@@ -40,13 +40,13 @@ repos:
 
 # Check static types with mypy
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-  rev: "v1.8.0"
+  rev: "v1.9.0"
   hooks:
   - id: mypy
     args: []
     exclude: ^(tests|docs)/
     additional_dependencies:
-    - markdown-it-py<3 # Drop this together with dropping Python 3.7 support.
+    - markdown-it-py
     - nox
     - rich
     - types-setuptools
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ repos:
 
 # Changes tabs to spaces
 - repo: https://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: "v1.5.4"
+  rev: "v1.5.5"
   hooks:
   - id: remove-tabs
 
 # Avoid directional quotes
 - repo: https://github.com/sirosen/texthooks
-  rev: "0.6.4"
+  rev: "0.6.6"
   hooks:
   - id: fix-ligatures
   - id: fix-smartquotes
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ repos:
 
 # Check for common shell mistakes
 - repo: https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py
-  rev: "v0.9.0.6"
+  rev: "v0.10.0.1"
   hooks:
   - id: shellcheck
 
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ repos:
 
 # PyLint has native support - not always usable, but works for us
 - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint
-  rev: "v3.0.3"
+  rev: "v3.1.0"
   hooks:
   - id: pylint
     files: ^pybind11
 
 - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-  rev: 0.28.0
+  rev: 0.28.1
   hooks:
   - id: check-readthedocs
   - id: check-github-workflows
diff --git a/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h b/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h
index b99ee8bef..75aec0ba3 100644
--- a/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h
+++ b/include/pybind11/buffer_info.h
@@ -102,22 +102,22 @@ struct buffer_info {
     template <typename T>
     buffer_info(const T *ptr, ssize_t size, bool readonly = true)
         : buffer_info(
-            const_cast<T *>(ptr), sizeof(T), format_descriptor<T>::format(), size, readonly) {}
+              const_cast<T *>(ptr), sizeof(T), format_descriptor<T>::format(), size, readonly) {}
 
     explicit buffer_info(Py_buffer *view, bool ownview = true)
         : buffer_info(
-            view->buf,
-            view->itemsize,
-            view->format,
-            view->ndim,
-            {view->shape, view->shape + view->ndim},
-            /* Though buffer::request() requests PyBUF_STRIDES, ctypes objects
-             * ignore this flag and return a view with NULL strides.
-             * When strides are NULL, build them manually.  */
-            view->strides
-                ? std::vector<ssize_t>(view->strides, view->strides + view->ndim)
-                : detail::c_strides({view->shape, view->shape + view->ndim}, view->itemsize),
-            (view->readonly != 0)) {
+              view->buf,
+              view->itemsize,
+              view->format,
+              view->ndim,
+              {view->shape, view->shape + view->ndim},
+              /* Though buffer::request() requests PyBUF_STRIDES, ctypes objects
+               * ignore this flag and return a view with NULL strides.
+               * When strides are NULL, build them manually.  */
+              view->strides
+                  ? std::vector<ssize_t>(view->strides, view->strides + view->ndim)
+                  : detail::c_strides({view->shape, view->shape + view->ndim}, view->itemsize),
+              (view->readonly != 0)) {
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer)
         this->m_view = view;
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer)
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ private:
                 detail::any_container<ssize_t> &&strides_in,
                 bool readonly)
         : buffer_info(
-            ptr, itemsize, format, ndim, std::move(shape_in), std::move(strides_in), readonly) {}
+              ptr, itemsize, format, ndim, std::move(shape_in), std::move(strides_in), readonly) {}
 
     Py_buffer *m_view = nullptr;
     bool ownview = false;
diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/common.h b/include/pybind11/detail/common.h
index 2fc4ba126..22416b036 100644
--- a/include/pybind11/detail/common.h
+++ b/include/pybind11/detail/common.h
@@ -925,8 +925,7 @@ using is_template_base_of
     = decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr));
 #else
 struct is_template_base_of
-    : decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr)) {
-};
+    : decltype(is_template_base_of_impl<Base>::check((intrinsic_t<T> *) nullptr)){};
 #endif
 
 /// Check if T is an instantiation of the template `Class`. For example:
@@ -1108,14 +1107,14 @@ struct overload_cast_impl {
     }
 
     template <typename Return, typename Class>
-    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...), std::false_type = {}) const noexcept
-        -> decltype(pmf) {
+    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...),
+                              std::false_type = {}) const noexcept -> decltype(pmf) {
         return pmf;
     }
 
     template <typename Return, typename Class>
-    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const, std::true_type) const noexcept
-        -> decltype(pmf) {
+    constexpr auto operator()(Return (Class::*pmf)(Args...) const,
+                              std::true_type) const noexcept -> decltype(pmf) {
         return pmf;
     }
 };
diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/descr.h b/include/pybind11/detail/descr.h
index 635614b0d..7d546311e 100644
--- a/include/pybind11/detail/descr.h
+++ b/include/pybind11/detail/descr.h
@@ -156,8 +156,9 @@ constexpr auto concat(const descr<N, Ts...> &d, const Args &...args) {
 }
 #else
 template <size_t N, typename... Ts, typename... Args>
-constexpr auto concat(const descr<N, Ts...> &d, const Args &...args)
-    -> decltype(std::declval<descr<N + 2, Ts...>>() + concat(args...)) {
+constexpr auto concat(const descr<N, Ts...> &d,
+                      const Args &...args) -> decltype(std::declval<descr<N + 2, Ts...>>()
+                                                       + concat(args...)) {
     return d + const_name(", ") + concat(args...);
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/internals.h b/include/pybind11/detail/internals.h
index c1047e4a0..f1b14bc34 100644
--- a/include/pybind11/detail/internals.h
+++ b/include/pybind11/detail/internals.h
@@ -318,13 +318,13 @@ struct type_info {
 
 #define PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID                                                                     \
     "__pybind11_internals_v" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION)                        \
-        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI         \
-            PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
+        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB                            \
+            PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
 
 #define PYBIND11_MODULE_LOCAL_ID                                                                  \
     "__pybind11_module_local_v" PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION)                     \
-        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI         \
-            PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
+        PYBIND11_INTERNALS_KIND PYBIND11_COMPILER_TYPE PYBIND11_STDLIB                            \
+            PYBIND11_BUILD_ABI PYBIND11_BUILD_TYPE "__"
 
 /// Each module locally stores a pointer to the `internals` data. The data
 /// itself is shared among modules with the same `PYBIND11_INTERNALS_ID`.
diff --git a/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h b/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h
index 68c7d9c5a..507f909f6 100644
--- a/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h
+++ b/include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h
@@ -1184,14 +1184,14 @@ protected:
        does not have a private operator new implementation. A comma operator is used in the
        decltype argument to apply SFINAE to the public copy/move constructors.*/
     template <typename T, typename = enable_if_t<is_copy_constructible<T>::value>>
-    static auto make_copy_constructor(const T *)
-        -> decltype(new T(std::declval<const T>()), Constructor{}) {
+    static auto make_copy_constructor(const T *) -> decltype(new T(std::declval<const T>()),
+                                                             Constructor{}) {
         return [](const void *arg) -> void * { return new T(*reinterpret_cast<const T *>(arg)); };
     }
 
     template <typename T, typename = enable_if_t<is_move_constructible<T>::value>>
-    static auto make_move_constructor(const T *)
-        -> decltype(new T(std::declval<T &&>()), Constructor{}) {
+    static auto make_move_constructor(const T *) -> decltype(new T(std::declval<T &&>()),
+                                                             Constructor{}) {
         return [](const void *arg) -> void * {
             return new T(std::move(*const_cast<T *>(reinterpret_cast<const T *>(arg))));
         };
diff --git a/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h b/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h
index a226cbc0e..66c452ea7 100644
--- a/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h
+++ b/include/pybind11/stl_bind.h
@@ -158,8 +158,7 @@ void vector_modifiers(
         return v.release();
     }));
 
-    cl.def(
-        "clear", [](Vector &v) { v.clear(); }, "Clear the contents");
+    cl.def("clear", [](Vector &v) { v.clear(); }, "Clear the contents");
 
     cl.def(
         "extend",
diff --git a/pybind11/setup_helpers.py b/pybind11/setup_helpers.py
index 3b16dca88..16ab76b28 100644
--- a/pybind11/setup_helpers.py
+++ b/pybind11/setup_helpers.py
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ CCompilerMethod = Callable[
         distutils.ccompiler.CCompiler,
         List[str],
         Optional[str],
-        Optional[Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]],
+        Optional[List[Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]]],
         Optional[List[str]],
         bool,
         Optional[List[str]],
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ class ParallelCompile:
             compiler: distutils.ccompiler.CCompiler,
             sources: List[str],
             output_dir: Optional[str] = None,
-            macros: Optional[Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]] = None,
+            macros: Optional[List[Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]]] = None,
             include_dirs: Optional[List[str]] = None,
             debug: bool = False,
             extra_preargs: Optional[List[str]] = None,
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 5af6015a6..da02caa87 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ ignore = [
 
 [tool.mypy]
 files = ["pybind11"]
-python_version = "3.7"
+python_version = "3.8"
 strict = true
 show_error_codes = true
 enable_error_code = ["ignore-without-code", "redundant-expr", "truthy-bool"]
diff --git a/tests/test_builtin_casters.cpp b/tests/test_builtin_casters.cpp
index 0623b85dc..292304a63 100644
--- a/tests/test_builtin_casters.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_builtin_casters.cpp
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
     } // 𝐀, utf16
     else {
         wstr.push_back((wchar_t) mathbfA32);
-    }                     // 𝐀, utf32
+    } // 𝐀, utf32
     wstr.push_back(0x7a); // z
 
     m.def("good_utf8_string", []() {
@@ -104,10 +104,9 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
     m.def("good_utf16_string", [=]() {
         return std::u16string({b16, ib16, cake16_1, cake16_2, mathbfA16_1, mathbfA16_2, z16});
     }); // b‽🎂𝐀z
-    m.def("good_utf32_string", [=]() {
-        return std::u32string({a32, mathbfA32, cake32, ib32, z32});
-    });                                                 // a𝐀🎂‽z
-    m.def("good_wchar_string", [=]() { return wstr; }); // a‽𝐀z
+    m.def("good_utf32_string",
+          [=]() { return std::u32string({a32, mathbfA32, cake32, ib32, z32}); }); // a𝐀🎂‽z
+    m.def("good_wchar_string", [=]() { return wstr; });                           // a‽𝐀z
     m.def("bad_utf8_string", []() {
         return std::string("abc\xd0"
                            "def");
@@ -117,9 +116,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
     // UnicodeDecodeError
     m.def("bad_utf32_string", [=]() { return std::u32string({a32, char32_t(0xd800), z32}); });
     if (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2) {
-        m.def("bad_wchar_string", [=]() {
-            return std::wstring({wchar_t(0x61), wchar_t(0xd800)});
-        });
+        m.def("bad_wchar_string",
+              [=]() { return std::wstring({wchar_t(0x61), wchar_t(0xd800)}); });
     }
     m.def("u8_Z", []() -> char { return 'Z'; });
     m.def("u8_eacute", []() -> char { return '\xe9'; });
@@ -236,8 +234,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
 
     // test_int_convert
     m.def("int_passthrough", [](int arg) { return arg; });
-    m.def(
-        "int_passthrough_noconvert", [](int arg) { return arg; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
+    m.def("int_passthrough_noconvert", [](int arg) { return arg; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
 
     // test_tuple
     m.def(
@@ -302,8 +299,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
 
     // test_bool_caster
     m.def("bool_passthrough", [](bool arg) { return arg; });
-    m.def(
-        "bool_passthrough_noconvert", [](bool arg) { return arg; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
+    m.def("bool_passthrough_noconvert", [](bool arg) { return arg; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
 
     // TODO: This should be disabled and fixed in future Intel compilers
 #if !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
@@ -311,8 +307,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(builtin_casters, m) {
     // When compiled with the Intel compiler, this results in segmentation faults when importing
     // the module. Tested with icc (ICC) 2021.1 Beta 20200827, this should be tested again when
     // a newer version of icc is available.
-    m.def(
-        "bool_passthrough_noconvert2", [](bool arg) { return arg; }, py::arg().noconvert());
+    m.def("bool_passthrough_noconvert2", [](bool arg) { return arg; }, py::arg().noconvert());
 #endif
 
     // test_reference_wrapper
diff --git a/tests/test_call_policies.cpp b/tests/test_call_policies.cpp
index d177008cf..279012d45 100644
--- a/tests/test_call_policies.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_call_policies.cpp
@@ -63,10 +63,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(call_policies, m) {
         .def("returnNullChildKeepAliveParent", &Parent::returnNullChild, py::keep_alive<0, 1>())
         .def_static("staticFunction", &Parent::staticFunction, py::keep_alive<1, 0>());
 
-    m.def(
-        "free_function", [](Parent *, Child *) {}, py::keep_alive<1, 2>());
-    m.def(
-        "invalid_arg_index", [] {}, py::keep_alive<0, 1>());
+    m.def("free_function", [](Parent *, Child *) {}, py::keep_alive<1, 2>());
+    m.def("invalid_arg_index", [] {}, py::keep_alive<0, 1>());
 
 #if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
     // test_alive_gc
diff --git a/tests/test_class.cpp b/tests/test_class.cpp
index 7241bc881..eb89303df 100644
--- a/tests/test_class.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_class.cpp
@@ -461,8 +461,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(class_, m) {
     py::class_<Nested>(base, "Nested")
         .def(py::init<>())
         .def("fn", [](Nested &, int, NestBase &, Nested &) {})
-        .def(
-            "fa", [](Nested &, int, NestBase &, Nested &) {}, "a"_a, "b"_a, "c"_a);
+        .def("fa", [](Nested &, int, NestBase &, Nested &) {}, "a"_a, "b"_a, "c"_a);
     base.def("g", [](NestBase &, Nested &) {});
     base.def("h", []() { return NestBase(); });
 
diff --git a/tests/test_copy_move.cpp b/tests/test_copy_move.cpp
index f54733550..4f93defe1 100644
--- a/tests/test_copy_move.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_copy_move.cpp
@@ -289,8 +289,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(copy_move_policies, m) {
         "get_moveissue1",
         [](int i) { return std::unique_ptr<MoveIssue1>(new MoveIssue1(i)); },
         py::return_value_policy::move);
-    m.def(
-        "get_moveissue2", [](int i) { return MoveIssue2(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
+    m.def("get_moveissue2", [](int i) { return MoveIssue2(i); }, py::return_value_policy::move);
 
     // Make sure that cast from pytype rvalue to other pytype works
     m.def("get_pytype_rvalue_castissue", [](double i) { return py::float_(i).cast<py::int_>(); });
diff --git a/tests/test_custom_type_casters.cpp b/tests/test_custom_type_casters.cpp
index 3cbb8687f..0ca2d2541 100644
--- a/tests/test_custom_type_casters.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_custom_type_casters.cpp
@@ -185,14 +185,10 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(custom_type_casters, m) {
         py::arg_v(nullptr, ArgInspector1()).noconvert(true),
         py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts());
 
-    m.def(
-        "floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, "f"_a);
-    m.def(
-        "floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, "f"_a.noconvert());
-    m.def(
-        "ints_preferred", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, "i"_a);
-    m.def(
-        "ints_only", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, "i"_a.noconvert());
+    m.def("floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, "f"_a);
+    m.def("floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, "f"_a.noconvert());
+    m.def("ints_preferred", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, "i"_a);
+    m.def("ints_only", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, "i"_a.noconvert());
 
     // test_custom_caster_destruction
     // Test that `take_ownership` works on types with a custom type caster when given a pointer
diff --git a/tests/test_docstring_options.cpp b/tests/test_docstring_options.cpp
index dda1cf6e4..de045a7ca 100644
--- a/tests/test_docstring_options.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_docstring_options.cpp
@@ -15,37 +15,26 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(docstring_options, m) {
         py::options options;
         options.disable_function_signatures();
 
-        m.def(
-            "test_function1", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
-        m.def(
-            "test_function2", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
+        m.def("test_function1", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
+        m.def("test_function2", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
 
-        m.def(
-            "test_overloaded1", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "Overload docstring");
-        m.def(
-            "test_overloaded1", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"));
+        m.def("test_overloaded1", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "Overload docstring");
+        m.def("test_overloaded1", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"));
 
-        m.def(
-            "test_overloaded2", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "overload docstring 1");
-        m.def(
-            "test_overloaded2", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "overload docstring 2");
+        m.def("test_overloaded2", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"), "overload docstring 1");
+        m.def("test_overloaded2", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "overload docstring 2");
 
-        m.def(
-            "test_overloaded3", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"));
-        m.def(
-            "test_overloaded3", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "Overload docstr");
+        m.def("test_overloaded3", [](int) {}, py::arg("i"));
+        m.def("test_overloaded3", [](double) {}, py::arg("d"), "Overload docstr");
 
         options.enable_function_signatures();
 
-        m.def(
-            "test_function3", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
-        m.def(
-            "test_function4", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
+        m.def("test_function3", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"));
+        m.def("test_function4", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
 
         options.disable_function_signatures().disable_user_defined_docstrings();
 
-        m.def(
-            "test_function5", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
+        m.def("test_function5", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
 
         {
             py::options nested_options;
@@ -59,8 +48,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(docstring_options, m) {
         }
     }
 
-    m.def(
-        "test_function7", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
+    m.def("test_function7", [](int, int) {}, py::arg("a"), py::arg("b"), "A custom docstring");
 
     {
         py::options options;
diff --git a/tests/test_eigen_matrix.cpp b/tests/test_eigen_matrix.cpp
index 0c003d05e..21261bfc2 100644
--- a/tests/test_eigen_matrix.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_eigen_matrix.cpp
@@ -340,12 +340,10 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(eigen_matrix, m) {
     if (have_numpy) {
         py::module_::import("numpy");
         Eigen::Matrix<double, 3, 3> defaultMatrix = Eigen::Matrix3d::Identity();
-        m.def(
-            "defaults_mat", [](const Eigen::Matrix3d &) {}, py::arg("mat") = defaultMatrix);
+        m.def("defaults_mat", [](const Eigen::Matrix3d &) {}, py::arg("mat") = defaultMatrix);
 
         Eigen::VectorXd defaultVector = Eigen::VectorXd::Ones(32);
-        m.def(
-            "defaults_vec", [](const Eigen::VectorXd &) {}, py::arg("vec") = defaultMatrix);
+        m.def("defaults_vec", [](const Eigen::VectorXd &) {}, py::arg("vec") = defaultMatrix);
     }
     // test_sparse, test_sparse_signature
     m.def("sparse_r", [mat]() -> SparseMatrixR {
diff --git a/tests/test_eigen_tensor.inl b/tests/test_eigen_tensor.inl
index d864ce737..25cf29f15 100644
--- a/tests/test_eigen_tensor.inl
+++ b/tests/test_eigen_tensor.inl
@@ -121,8 +121,7 @@ void init_tensor_module(pybind11::module &m) {
         []() { return &get_fixed_tensor<Options>(); },
         py::return_value_policy::copy);
 
-    m.def(
-        "copy_tensor", []() { return &get_tensor<Options>(); }, py::return_value_policy::copy);
+    m.def("copy_tensor", []() { return &get_tensor<Options>(); }, py::return_value_policy::copy);
 
     m.def(
         "copy_const_tensor",
diff --git a/tests/test_iostream.py b/tests/test_iostream.py
index d283eb152..871269a92 100644
--- a/tests/test_iostream.py
+++ b/tests/test_iostream.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def test_captured_large_string(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_2byte_offset0(capsys):
-    msg = "\u07FF"
+    msg = "\u07ff"
     msg = "" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_2byte_offset0(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_2byte_offset1(capsys):
-    msg = "\u07FF"
+    msg = "\u07ff"
     msg = "1" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_2byte_offset1(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset0(capsys):
-    msg = "\uFFFF"
+    msg = "\uffff"
     msg = "" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset0(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset1(capsys):
-    msg = "\uFFFF"
+    msg = "\uffff"
     msg = "1" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset1(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset2(capsys):
-    msg = "\uFFFF"
+    msg = "\uffff"
     msg = "12" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_3byte_offset2(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset0(capsys):
-    msg = "\U0010FFFF"
+    msg = "\U0010ffff"
     msg = "" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset0(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset1(capsys):
-    msg = "\U0010FFFF"
+    msg = "\U0010ffff"
     msg = "1" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset1(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset2(capsys):
-    msg = "\U0010FFFF"
+    msg = "\U0010ffff"
     msg = "12" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset2(capsys):
 
 
 def test_captured_utf8_4byte_offset3(capsys):
-    msg = "\U0010FFFF"
+    msg = "\U0010ffff"
     msg = "123" + msg * (1024 // len(msg) + 1)
 
     m.captured_output_default(msg)
diff --git a/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp b/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
index 9a12c42af..2f40aca6a 100644
--- a/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(kwargs_and_defaults, m) {
     m.def("kw_func0", kw_func);
     m.def("kw_func1", kw_func, py::arg("x"), py::arg("y"));
     m.def("kw_func2", kw_func, py::arg("x") = 100, py::arg("y") = 200);
-    m.def(
-        "kw_func3", [](const char *) {}, py::arg("data") = std::string("Hello world!"));
+    m.def("kw_func3", [](const char *) {}, py::arg("data") = std::string("Hello world!"));
 
     /* A fancier default argument */
     std::vector<int> list{{13, 17}};
@@ -79,14 +78,12 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(kwargs_and_defaults, m) {
         "kw_lb_func5",
         [](const CustomRepr &) {},
         py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr("array([[A, B],\r  [C, D]])"));
-    m.def(
-        "kw_lb_func6", [](const CustomRepr &) {}, py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr(" \v\t "));
+    m.def("kw_lb_func6", [](const CustomRepr &) {}, py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr(" \v\t "));
     m.def(
         "kw_lb_func7",
         [](const std::string &) {},
         py::arg("str_arg") = "First line.\n  Second line.");
-    m.def(
-        "kw_lb_func8", [](const CustomRepr &) {}, py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr(""));
+    m.def("kw_lb_func8", [](const CustomRepr &) {}, py::arg("custom") = CustomRepr(""));
 
     // test_args_and_kwargs
     m.def("args_function", [](py::args args) -> py::tuple {
@@ -279,11 +276,9 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(kwargs_and_defaults, m) {
     // These should fail to compile:
 #ifdef PYBIND11_NEVER_DEFINED_EVER
     // argument annotations are required when using kw_only
-    m.def(
-        "bad_kw_only1", [](int) {}, py::kw_only());
+    m.def("bad_kw_only1", [](int) {}, py::kw_only());
     // can't specify both `py::kw_only` and a `py::args` argument
-    m.def(
-        "bad_kw_only2", [](int i, py::args) {}, py::kw_only(), "i"_a);
+    m.def("bad_kw_only2", [](int i, py::args) {}, py::kw_only(), "i"_a);
 #endif
 
     // test_function_signatures (along with most of the above)
diff --git a/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp b/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
index 31d46eb7e..f433847c7 100644
--- a/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp
@@ -374,8 +374,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(methods_and_attributes, m) {
     m.def("overload_order", [](const std::string &) { return 1; });
     m.def("overload_order", [](const std::string &) { return 2; });
     m.def("overload_order", [](int) { return 3; });
-    m.def(
-        "overload_order", [](int) { return 4; }, py::prepend{});
+    m.def("overload_order", [](int) { return 4; }, py::prepend{});
 
 #if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
     // test_dynamic_attributes
diff --git a/tests/test_numpy_array.cpp b/tests/test_numpy_array.cpp
index 8c122a865..c2f754208 100644
--- a/tests/test_numpy_array.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_numpy_array.cpp
@@ -287,8 +287,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
     // [workaround(intel)] ICC 20/21 breaks with py::arg().stuff, using py::arg{}.stuff works.
 
     // Only accept the exact types:
-    sm.def(
-        "overloaded3", [](const py::array_t<int> &) { return "int"; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
+    sm.def("overloaded3", [](const py::array_t<int> &) { return "int"; }, py::arg{}.noconvert());
     sm.def(
         "overloaded3",
         [](const py::array_t<double> &) { return "double"; },
@@ -444,9 +443,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
     });
 
     // resize to 3D array with each dimension = N
-    sm.def("array_resize3", [](py::array_t<double> a, size_t N, bool refcheck) {
-        a.resize({N, N, N}, refcheck);
-    });
+    sm.def("array_resize3",
+           [](py::array_t<double> a, size_t N, bool refcheck) { a.resize({N, N, N}, refcheck); });
 
     // test_array_create_and_resize
     // return 2D array with Nrows = Ncols = N
@@ -460,9 +458,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
     sm.def("array_view",
            [](py::array_t<uint8_t> a, const std::string &dtype) { return a.view(dtype); });
 
-    sm.def("reshape_initializer_list", [](py::array_t<int> a, size_t N, size_t M, size_t O) {
-        return a.reshape({N, M, O});
-    });
+    sm.def("reshape_initializer_list",
+           [](py::array_t<int> a, size_t N, size_t M, size_t O) { return a.reshape({N, M, O}); });
     sm.def("reshape_tuple", [](py::array_t<int> a, const std::vector<int> &new_shape) {
         return a.reshape(new_shape);
     });
@@ -471,8 +468,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
            [](const py::array &a) { return a[py::make_tuple(0, py::ellipsis(), 0)]; });
 
     // test_argument_conversions
-    sm.def(
-        "accept_double", [](const py::array_t<double, 0> &) {}, py::arg("a"));
+    sm.def("accept_double", [](const py::array_t<double, 0> &) {}, py::arg("a"));
     sm.def(
         "accept_double_forcecast",
         [](const py::array_t<double, py::array::forcecast> &) {},
@@ -493,8 +489,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(numpy_array, sm) {
         "accept_double_f_style_forcecast",
         [](const py::array_t<double, py::array::forcecast | py::array::f_style> &) {},
         py::arg("a"));
-    sm.def(
-        "accept_double_noconvert", [](const py::array_t<double, 0> &) {}, "a"_a.noconvert());
+    sm.def("accept_double_noconvert", [](const py::array_t<double, 0> &) {}, "a"_a.noconvert());
     sm.def(
         "accept_double_forcecast_noconvert",
         [](const py::array_t<double, py::array::forcecast> &) {},
diff --git a/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py b/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py
index 3f67153cc..e5dc858b5 100644
--- a/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py
+++ b/tests/test_numpy_dtypes.py
@@ -77,9 +77,7 @@ def partial_nested_fmt():
     partial_size = partial_ld_off + ld.itemsize
     partial_end_padding = partial_size % np.dtype("uint64").alignment
     partial_nested_size = partial_nested_off * 2 + partial_size + partial_end_padding
-    return "{{'names':['a'],'formats':[{}],'offsets':[{}],'itemsize':{}}}".format(
-        partial_dtype_fmt(), partial_nested_off, partial_nested_size
-    )
+    return f"{{'names':['a'],'formats':[{partial_dtype_fmt()}],'offsets':[{partial_nested_off}],'itemsize':{partial_nested_size}}}"
 
 
 def assert_equal(actual, expected_data, expected_dtype):
diff --git a/tests/test_stl.cpp b/tests/test_stl.cpp
index d45465d68..5778b989d 100644
--- a/tests/test_stl.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_stl.cpp
@@ -217,9 +217,8 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(stl, m) {
     // NB: map and set keys are `const`, so while we technically do move them (as `const Type &&`),
     // casters don't typically do anything with that, which means they fall to the `const Type &`
     // caster.
-    m.def("cast_rv_map", []() {
-        return std::unordered_map<std::string, RValueCaster>{{"a", RValueCaster{}}};
-    });
+    m.def("cast_rv_map",
+          []() { return std::unordered_map<std::string, RValueCaster>{{"a", RValueCaster{}}}; });
     m.def("cast_rv_nested", []() {
         std::vector<std::array<std::list<std::unordered_map<std::string, RValueCaster>>, 2>> v;
         v.emplace_back();           // add an array
@@ -497,8 +496,7 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(stl, m) {
     });
 
     // test_stl_pass_by_pointer
-    m.def(
-        "stl_pass_by_pointer", [](std::vector<int> *v) { return *v; }, "v"_a = nullptr);
+    m.def("stl_pass_by_pointer", [](std::vector<int> *v) { return *v; }, "v"_a = nullptr);
 
     // #1258: pybind11/stl.h converts string to vector<string>
     m.def("func_with_string_or_vector_string_arg_overload",
diff --git a/tests/test_stl_binders.cpp b/tests/test_stl_binders.cpp
index 96af9a4c4..f846ae848 100644
--- a/tests/test_stl_binders.cpp
+++ b/tests/test_stl_binders.cpp
@@ -270,7 +270,6 @@ TEST_SUBMODULE(stl_binders, m) {
     PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE(VStruct, w, x, y, z);
     py::class_<VStruct>(m, "VStruct").def_readwrite("x", &VStruct::x);
     py::bind_vector<std::vector<VStruct>>(m, "VectorStruct", py::buffer_protocol());
-    m.def("get_vectorstruct", [] {
-        return std::vector<VStruct>{{false, 5, 3.0, true}, {true, 30, -1e4, false}};
-    });
+    m.def("get_vectorstruct",
+          [] { return std::vector<VStruct>{{false, 5, 3.0, true}, {true, 30, -1e4, false}}; });
 }