This allows a slightly cleaner base type specification of:
py::class_<Type, Base>("Type")
as an alternative to
py::class_<Type>("Type", py::base<Base>())
As with the other template parameters, the order relative to the holder
or trampoline types doesn't matter.
This also includes a compile-time assertion failure if attempting to
specify more than one base class (but is easily extendible to support
multiple inheritance, someday, by updating the class_selector::set_bases
function to set multiple bases).
The current pybind11::class_<Type, Holder, Trampoline> fixed template
ordering results in a requirement to repeat the Holder with its default
value (std::unique_ptr<Type>) argument, which is a little bit annoying:
it needs to be specified not because we want to override the default,
but rather because we need to specify the third argument.
This commit removes this limitation by making the class_ template take
the type name plus a parameter pack of options. It then extracts the
first valid holder type and the first subclass type for holder_type and
trampoline type_alias, respectively. (If unfound, both fall back to
their current defaults, `std::unique_ptr<type>` and `type`,
respectively). If any unmatched template arguments are provided, a
static assertion fails.
What this means is that you can specify or omit the arguments in any
order:
py::class_<A, PyA> c1(m, "A");
py::class_<B, PyB, std::shared_ptr<B>> c2(m, "B");
py::class_<C, std::shared_ptr<C>, PyB> c3(m, "C");
It also allows future class attributes (such as base types in the next
commit) to be passed as class template types rather than needing to use
a py::base<> wrapper.
With this change arg_t is no longer a template, but it must remain so
for backward compatibility. Thus, a non-template arg_v is introduced,
while a dummy template alias arg_t is there to keep old code from
breaking. This can be remove in the next major release.
The implementation of arg_v also needed to be placed a little earlier in
the headers because it's not a template any more and unpacking_collector
needs more than a forward declaration.
MSVC fails to compile if the constructor is defined out-of-line.
The error states that it cannot deduce the type of the default template
parameter which is used for SFINAE.
The variadic handle::operator() offers the same functionality as well
as mixed positional, keyword, * and ** arguments. The tests are also
superseded by the ones in `test_callbacks`.
A Python function can be called with the syntax:
```python
foo(a1, a2, *args, ka=1, kb=2, **kwargs)
```
This commit adds support for the equivalent syntax in C++:
```c++
foo(a1, a2, *args, "ka"_a=1, "kb"_a=2, **kwargs)
```
In addition, generalized unpacking is implemented, as per PEP 448,
which allows calls with multiple * and ** unpacking:
```python
bar(*args1, 99, *args2, 101, **kwargs1, kz=200, **kwargs2)
```
and
```c++
bar(*args1, 99, *args2, 101, **kwargs1, "kz"_a=200, **kwargs2)
```
Currently pybind11 only supports std::unique_ptr<T> holders by default
(other holders can, of course, be declared using the macro). PR #368
added a `py::nodelete` that is intended to be used as:
py::class_<Type, std::unique_ptr<Type, py::nodelete>> c("Type");
but this doesn't work out of the box. (You could add an explicit
holder type declaration, but this doesn't appear to have been the
intention of the commit).
This commit fixes it by generalizing the unique_ptr type_caster to take
both the type and deleter as template arguments, so that *any*
unique_ptr instances are now automatically handled by pybind. It also
adds a test to test_smart_ptr, testing both that py::nodelete (now)
works, and that the object is indeed not deleted as intended.
Problem
=======
The template trampoline pattern documented in PR #322 has a problem with
virtual method overloads in intermediate classes in the inheritance
chain between the trampoline class and the base class.
For example, consider the following inheritance structure, where `B` is
the actual class, `PyB<B>` is the trampoline class, and `PyA<B>` is an
intermediate class adding A's methods into the trampoline:
PyB<B> -> PyA<B> -> B -> A
Suppose PyA<B> has a method `some_method()` with a PYBIND11_OVERLOAD in
it to overload the virtual `A::some_method()`. If a Python class `C` is
defined that inherits from the pybind11-registered `B` and tries to
provide an overriding `some_method()`, the PYBIND11_OVERLOADs declared
in PyA<B> fails to find this overloaded method, and thus never invoke it
(or, if pure virtual and not overridden in PyB<B>, raises an exception).
This happens because the base (internal) `PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT` macro
simply calls `get_overload(this, name)`; `get_overload()` then uses the
inferred type of `this` to do a type lookup in `registered_types_cpp`.
This is where it fails: `this` will be a `PyA<B> *`, but `PyA<B>` is
neither the base type (`B`) nor the trampoline type (`PyB<B>`). As a
result, the overload fails and we get a failed overload lookup.
The fix
=======
The fix is relatively simple: we can cast `this` passed to
`get_overload()` to a `const B *`, which lets get_overload look up the
correct class. Since trampoline classes should be derived from `B`
classes anyway, this cast should be perfectly safe.
This does require adding the class name as an argument to the
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT macro, but leaves the public macro signatures
unchanged.
- ICPC can't handle the NCVirt trampoline which returns a non-copyable
type, which is likely due to a constexpr/SFINAE issue. This disables
the test on that compiler so that at least the rest can be tested.
For example keep_alive<0,1>() should work where the return value may sometimes be None. At present a "Could not allocate weak reference!" exception is thrown.
Update documentation to clarify behaviour of keep_alive when nurse is None or does not support weak references.
This is required since format descriptors for string types that
were using PYBIND11_DESCR were causing problems on C++14 on Linux.
Although this is technically a breaking change, it shouldn't cause
problems since the only use of format strings is passing them to
buffer_info constructor which expects std::string.
Note: for non-structured types, the const char * value is still
accessible via ::value for compatibility purpose.
