PR #880 changed the implementation of keep_alive to avoid weak
references when the nurse is pybind11-registered, but the documentation
didn't get updated to match.
There are two separate additions:
1. `py::hash(obj)` is equivalent to the Python `hash(obj)`.
2. `.def(hash(py::self))` registers the hash function defined by
`std::hash<T>` as the Python hash function.
Fixes one small variable name typo, and two instances where `py::arg().nocopy()` is used, where I think it should be `py::arg().noconvert()` instead. Probably `nocopy()` was the old/original name for it and then it was changed.
The main point of `py::module_local` is to make the C++ -> Python cast
unique so that returning/casting a C++ instance is well-defined.
Unfortunately it also makes loading unique, but this isn't particularly
desirable: when an instance contains `Type` instance there's no reason
it shouldn't be possible to pass that instance to a bound function
taking a `Type` parameter, even if that function is in another module.
This commit solves the issue by allowing foreign module (and global)
type loaders have a chance to load the value if the local module loader
fails. The implementation here does this by storing a module-local
loading function in a capsule in the python type, which we can then call
if the local (and possibly global, if the local type is masking a global
type) version doesn't work.
This allows you to use:
cls.def(py::init(&factory_function));
where `factory_function` returns a pointer, holder, or value of the
class type (or a derived type). Various compile-time checks
(static_asserts) are performed to ensure the function is valid, and
various run-time type checks where necessary.
Some other details of this feature:
- The `py::init` name doesn't conflict with the templated no-argument
`py::init<...>()`, but keeps the naming consistent: the existing
templated, no-argument one wraps constructors, the no-template,
function-argument one wraps factory functions.
- If returning a CppClass (whether by value or pointer) when an CppAlias
is required (i.e. python-side inheritance and a declared alias), a
dynamic_cast to the alias is attempted (for the pointer version); if
it fails, or if returned by value, an Alias(Class &&) constructor
is invoked. If this constructor doesn't exist, a runtime error occurs.
- for holder returns when an alias is required, we try a dynamic_cast of
the wrapped pointer to the alias to see if it is already an alias
instance; if it isn't, we raise an error.
- `py::init(class_factory, alias_factory)` is also available that takes
two factories: the first is called when an alias is not needed, the
second when it is.
- Reimplement factory instance clearing. The previous implementation
failed under python-side multiple inheritance: *each* inherited
type's factory init would clear the instance instead of only setting
its own type value. The new implementation here clears just the
relevant value pointer.
- dealloc is updated to explicitly set the leftover value pointer to
nullptr and the `holder_constructed` flag to false so that it can be
used to clear preallocated value without needing to rebuild the
instance internals data.
- Added various tests to test out new allocation/deallocation code.
- With preallocation now done lazily, init factory holders can
completely avoid the extra overhead of needing an extra
allocation/deallocation.
- Updated documentation to make factory constructors the default
advanced constructor style.
- If an `__init__` is called a second time, we have two choices: we can
throw away the first instance, replacing it with the second; or we can
ignore the second call. The latter is slightly easier, so do that.
* Doxygen needs `RECURSIVE = YES` in order to parse the `detail` subdir.
* The `-W` warnings-as-errors option for sphinx doesn't work with the
makefile build. Switched to calling sphinx directly.
* Fix "citation [cppimport] is not referenced" warning.
This updates the compilation to always apply hidden visibility to
resolve the issues with default visibility causing problems under debug
compilations. Moreover using the cmake property makes it easier for a
caller to override if absolutely needed for some reason.
For `pybind11_add_module` we use cmake to set the property; for the
targets, we append to compilation option to non-MSVC compilers.
In C++11 mode, `boost::apply_visitor` requires an explicit `result_type`.
This also adds optional tests for `boost::variant` in C++11/14, if boost
is available. In C++17 mode, `std::variant` is tested instead.
boost::apply_visitor accepts its arguments by non-const lvalue
reference, which fails to bind to an rvalue reference. Change the
example to remove the argument forwarding.
Attempting to mix py::module_local and non-module_local classes results
in some unexpected/undesirable behaviour:
- if a class is registered non-local by some other module, a later
attempt to register it locally fails. It doesn't need to: it is
perfectly acceptable for the local registration to simply override
the external global registration.
- going the other way (i.e. module `A` registers a type `T` locally,
then `B` registers the same type `T` globally) causes a more serious
issue: `A.T`'s constructors no longer work because the `self` argument
gets converted to a `B.T`, which then fails to resolve.
Changing the cast precedence to prefer local over global fixes this and
makes it work more consistently, regardless of module load order.
This commit adds a `py::module_local` attribute that lets you confine a
registered type to the module (more technically, the shared object) in
which it is defined, by registering it with:
py::class_<C>(m, "C", py::module_local())
This will allow the same C++ class `C` to be registered in different
modules with independent sets of class definitions. On the Python side,
two such types will be completely distinct; on the C++ side, the C++
type resolves to a different Python type in each module.
This applies `py::module_local` automatically to `stl_bind.h` bindings
when the container value type looks like something global: i.e. when it
is a converting type (for example, when binding a `std::vector<int>`),
or when it is a registered type itself bound with `py::module_local`.
This should help resolve potential future conflicts (e.g. if two
completely unrelated modules both try to bind a `std::vector<int>`.
Users can override the automatic selection by adding a
`py::module_local()` or `py::module_local(false)`.
Note that this does mildly break backwards compatibility: bound stl
containers of basic types like `std::vector<int>` cannot be bound in one
module and returned in a different module. (This can be re-enabled with
`py::module_local(false)` as described above, but with the potential for
eventual load conflicts).
This commit allows multiple inheritance of pybind11 classes from
Python, e.g.
class MyType(Base1, Base2):
def __init__(self):
Base1.__init__(self)
Base2.__init__(self)
where Base1 and Base2 are pybind11-exported classes.
This requires collapsing the various builtin base objects
(pybind11_object_56, ...) introduced in 2.1 into a single
pybind11_object of a fixed size; this fixed size object allocates enough
space to contain either a simple object (one base class & small* holder
instance), or a pointer to a new allocation that can contain an
arbitrary number of base classes and holders, with holder size
unrestricted.
* "small" here means having a sizeof() of at most 2 pointers, which is
enough to fit unique_ptr (sizeof is 1 ptr) and shared_ptr (sizeof is 2
ptrs).
To minimize the performance impact, this repurposes
`internals::registered_types_py` to store a vector of pybind-registered
base types. For direct-use pybind types (e.g. the `PyA` for a C++ `A`)
this is simply storing the same thing as before, but now in a vector;
for Python-side inherited types, the map lets us avoid having to do a
base class traversal as long as we've seen the class before. The
change to vector is needed for multiple inheritance: Python types
inheriting from multiple registered bases have one entry per base.
This commit also adds `doc()` to `object_api` as a shortcut for the
`attr("__doc__")` accessor.
The module macro changes from:
```c++
PYBIND11_PLUGIN(example) {
pybind11::module m("example", "pybind11 example plugin");
m.def("add", [](int a, int b) { return a + b; });
return m.ptr();
}
```
to:
```c++
PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) {
m.doc() = "pybind11 example plugin";
m.def("add", [](int a, int b) { return a + b; });
}
```
Using the old macro results in a deprecation warning. The warning
actually points to the `pybind11_init` function (since attributes
don't bind to macros), but the message should be quite clear:
"PYBIND11_PLUGIN is deprecated, use PYBIND11_MODULE".
This extends py::vectorize to automatically pass through
non-vectorizable arguments. This removes the need for the documented
"explicitly exclude an argument" workaround.
Vectorization now applies to arithmetic, std::complex, and POD types,
passed as plain value or by const lvalue reference (previously only
pass-by-value types were supported). Non-const lvalue references and
any other types are passed through as-is.
Functions with rvalue reference arguments (whether vectorizable or not)
are explicitly prohibited: an rvalue reference is inherently not
something that can be passed multiple times and is thus unsuitable to
being in a vectorized function.
The vectorize returned value is also now more sensitive to inputs:
previously it would return by value when all inputs are of size 1; this
is now amended to having all inputs of size 1 *and* 0 dimensions. Thus
if you pass in, for example, [[1]], you get back a 1x1, 2D array, while
previously you got back just the resulting single value.
Vectorization of member function specializations is now also supported
via `py::vectorize(&Class::method)`; this required passthrough support
for the initial object pointer on the wrapping function pointer.
This attribute lets you disable (or explicitly enable) passing None to
an argument that otherwise would allow it by accepting
a value by raw pointer or shared_ptr.
