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pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h
Dean Moldovan 719c1733dd Split up tuple caster and function argument loader 
This is needed in order to allow the tuple caster to accept any sequence
while keeping the argument loader fast. There is also very little overlap
between the two classes which makes the separation clean. It’s also good
practice not to have completely new functionality in a specialization.
2016-12-03 23:13:53 +01:00

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/*
pybind11/pybind11.h: Main header file of the C++11 python
binding generator library
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#pragma once
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
# pragma warning(push)
# pragma warning(disable: 4100) // warning C4100: Unreferenced formal parameter
# pragma warning(disable: 4127) // warning C4127: Conditional expression is constant
# pragma warning(disable: 4512) // warning C4512: Assignment operator was implicitly defined as deleted
# pragma warning(disable: 4800) // warning C4800: 'int': forcing value to bool 'true' or 'false' (performance warning)
# pragma warning(disable: 4996) // warning C4996: The POSIX name for this item is deprecated. Instead, use the ISO C and C++ conformant name
# pragma warning(disable: 4702) // warning C4702: unreachable code
# pragma warning(disable: 4522) // warning C4522: multiple assignment operators specified
#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
# pragma warning(push)
# pragma warning(disable: 186) // pointless comparison of unsigned integer with zero
# pragma warning(disable: 1334) // the "template" keyword used for syntactic disambiguation may only be used within a template
# pragma warning(disable: 2196) // warning #2196: routine is both "inline" and "noinline"
#elif defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__)
# pragma GCC diagnostic push
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-but-set-parameter"
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-but-set-variable"
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstrict-aliasing"
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wattributes"
#endif
#include "attr.h"
#include "options.h"
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind11)
/// Wraps an arbitrary C++ function/method/lambda function/.. into a callable Python object
class cpp_function : public function {
public:
cpp_function() { }
/// Construct a cpp_function from a vanilla function pointer
template <typename Return, typename... Args, typename... Extra>
cpp_function(Return (*f)(Args...), const Extra&... extra) {
initialize(f, f, extra...);
}
/// Construct a cpp_function from a lambda function (possibly with internal state)
template <typename Func, typename... Extra> cpp_function(Func &&f, const Extra&... extra) {
initialize(std::forward<Func>(f),
(typename detail::remove_class<decltype(
&std::remove_reference<Func>::type::operator())>::type *) nullptr, extra...);
}
/// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (non-const)
template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Arg, typename... Extra>
cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...), const Extra&... extra) {
initialize([f](Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(args...); },
(Return (*) (Class *, Arg...)) nullptr, extra...);
}
/// Construct a cpp_function from a class method (const)
template <typename Return, typename Class, typename... Arg, typename... Extra>
cpp_function(Return (Class::*f)(Arg...) const, const Extra&... extra) {
initialize([f](const Class *c, Arg... args) -> Return { return (c->*f)(args...); },
(Return (*)(const Class *, Arg ...)) nullptr, extra...);
}
/// Return the function name
object name() const { return attr("__name__"); }
protected:
/// Space optimization: don't inline this frequently instantiated fragment
PYBIND11_NOINLINE detail::function_record *make_function_record() {
return new detail::function_record();
}
/// Special internal constructor for functors, lambda functions, etc.
template <typename Func, typename Return, typename... Args, typename... Extra>
void initialize(Func &&f, Return (*)(Args...), const Extra&... extra) {
static_assert(detail::expected_num_args<Extra...>(sizeof...(Args)),
"The number of named arguments does not match the function signature");
struct capture { typename std::remove_reference<Func>::type f; };
/* Store the function including any extra state it might have (e.g. a lambda capture object) */
auto rec = make_function_record();
/* Store the capture object directly in the function record if there is enough space */
if (sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(rec->data)) {
/* Without these pragmas, GCC warns that there might not be
enough space to use the placement new operator. However, the
'if' statement above ensures that this is the case. */
#if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 6
# pragma GCC diagnostic push
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wplacement-new"
#endif
new ((capture *) &rec->data) capture { std::forward<Func>(f) };
#if defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 6
# pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
if (!std::is_trivially_destructible<Func>::value)
rec->free_data = [](detail::function_record *r) { ((capture *) &r->data)->~capture(); };
} else {
rec->data[0] = new capture { std::forward<Func>(f) };
rec->free_data = [](detail::function_record *r) { delete ((capture *) r->data[0]); };
}
/* Type casters for the function arguments and return value */
using cast_in = detail::argument_loader<Args...>;
using cast_out = detail::make_caster<
detail::conditional_t<std::is_void<Return>::value, detail::void_type, Return>
>;
/* Dispatch code which converts function arguments and performs the actual function call */
rec->impl = [](detail::function_record *rec, handle args, handle kwargs, handle parent) -> handle {
cast_in args_converter;
/* Try to cast the function arguments into the C++ domain */
if (!args_converter.load_args(args, kwargs, true))
return PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
/* Invoke call policy pre-call hook */
detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::precall(args);
/* Get a pointer to the capture object */
capture *cap = (capture *) (sizeof(capture) <= sizeof(rec->data)
? &rec->data : rec->data[0]);
/* Override policy for rvalues -- always move */
constexpr auto is_rvalue = !std::is_pointer<Return>::value
&& !std::is_lvalue_reference<Return>::value;
const auto policy = is_rvalue ? return_value_policy::move : rec->policy;
/* Perform the function call */
handle result = cast_out::cast(args_converter.template call<Return>(cap->f),
policy, parent);
/* Invoke call policy post-call hook */
detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::postcall(args, result);
return result;
};
/* Process any user-provided function attributes */
detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., rec);
/* Generate a readable signature describing the function's arguments and return value types */
using detail::descr; using detail::_;
PYBIND11_DESCR signature = _("(") + cast_in::arg_names() + _(") -> ") + cast_out::name();
/* Register the function with Python from generic (non-templated) code */
initialize_generic(rec, signature.text(), signature.types(), sizeof...(Args));
if (cast_in::has_args) rec->has_args = true;
if (cast_in::has_kwargs) rec->has_kwargs = true;
/* Stash some additional information used by an important optimization in 'functional.h' */
using FunctionType = Return (*)(Args...);
constexpr bool is_function_ptr =
std::is_convertible<Func, FunctionType>::value &&
sizeof(capture) == sizeof(void *);
if (is_function_ptr) {
rec->is_stateless = true;
rec->data[1] = (void *) &typeid(FunctionType);
}
}
/// Register a function call with Python (generic non-templated code goes here)
void initialize_generic(detail::function_record *rec, const char *text,
const std::type_info *const *types, size_t args) {
/* Create copies of all referenced C-style strings */
rec->name = strdup(rec->name ? rec->name : "");
if (rec->doc) rec->doc = strdup(rec->doc);
for (auto &a: rec->args) {
if (a.name)
a.name = strdup(a.name);
if (a.descr)
a.descr = strdup(a.descr);
else if (a.value)
a.descr = strdup(a.value.attr("__repr__")().cast<std::string>().c_str());
}
/* Generate a proper function signature */
std::string signature;
size_t type_depth = 0, char_index = 0, type_index = 0, arg_index = 0;
while (true) {
char c = text[char_index++];
if (c == '\0')
break;
if (c == '{') {
// Write arg name for everything except *args, **kwargs and return type.
if (type_depth == 0 && text[char_index] != '*' && arg_index < args) {
if (!rec->args.empty()) {
signature += rec->args[arg_index].name;
} else if (arg_index == 0 && rec->is_method) {
signature += "self";
} else {
signature += "arg" + std::to_string(arg_index - (rec->is_method ? 1 : 0));
}
signature += ": ";
}
++type_depth;
} else if (c == '}') {
--type_depth;
if (type_depth == 0) {
if (arg_index < rec->args.size() && rec->args[arg_index].descr) {
signature += "=";
signature += rec->args[arg_index].descr;
}
arg_index++;
}
} else if (c == '%') {
const std::type_info *t = types[type_index++];
if (!t)
pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (1)");
if (auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(*t)) {
signature += tinfo->type->tp_name;
} else {
std::string tname(t->name());
detail::clean_type_id(tname);
signature += tname;
}
} else {
signature += c;
}
}
if (type_depth != 0 || types[type_index] != nullptr)
pybind11_fail("Internal error while parsing type signature (2)");
#if !defined(PYBIND11_CPP14)
delete[] types;
delete[] text;
#endif
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
if (strcmp(rec->name, "__next__") == 0) {
std::free(rec->name);
rec->name = strdup("next");
} else if (strcmp(rec->name, "__bool__") == 0) {
std::free(rec->name);
rec->name = strdup("__nonzero__");
}
#endif
rec->signature = strdup(signature.c_str());
rec->args.shrink_to_fit();
rec->is_constructor = !strcmp(rec->name, "__init__") || !strcmp(rec->name, "__setstate__");
rec->nargs = (uint16_t) args;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
if (rec->sibling && PyMethod_Check(rec->sibling.ptr()))
rec->sibling = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(rec->sibling.ptr());
#endif
detail::function_record *chain = nullptr, *chain_start = rec;
if (rec->sibling) {
if (PyCFunction_Check(rec->sibling.ptr())) {
auto rec_capsule = reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(PyCFunction_GetSelf(rec->sibling.ptr()));
chain = (detail::function_record *) rec_capsule;
/* Never append a method to an overload chain of a parent class;
instead, hide the parent's overloads in this case */
if (chain->scope != rec->scope)
chain = nullptr;
}
// Don't trigger for things like the default __init__, which are wrapper_descriptors that we are intentionally replacing
else if (!rec->sibling.is_none() && rec->name[0] != '_')
pybind11_fail("Cannot overload existing non-function object \"" + std::string(rec->name) +
"\" with a function of the same name");
}
if (!chain) {
/* No existing overload was found, create a new function object */
rec->def = new PyMethodDef();
memset(rec->def, 0, sizeof(PyMethodDef));
rec->def->ml_name = rec->name;
rec->def->ml_meth = reinterpret_cast<PyCFunction>(*dispatcher);
rec->def->ml_flags = METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS;
capsule rec_capsule(rec, [](PyObject *o) {
destruct((detail::function_record *) PyCapsule_GetPointer(o, nullptr));
});
object scope_module;
if (rec->scope) {
if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__module__")) {
scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__module__");
} else if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__name__")) {
scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__name__");
}
}
m_ptr = PyCFunction_NewEx(rec->def, rec_capsule.ptr(), scope_module.ptr());
if (!m_ptr)
pybind11_fail("cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate function object");
} else {
/* Append at the end of the overload chain */
m_ptr = rec->sibling.ptr();
inc_ref();
chain_start = chain;
while (chain->next)
chain = chain->next;
chain->next = rec;
}
std::string signatures;
int index = 0;
/* Create a nice pydoc rec including all signatures and
docstrings of the functions in the overload chain */
if (chain && options::show_function_signatures()) {
// First a generic signature
signatures += rec->name;
signatures += "(*args, **kwargs)\n";
signatures += "Overloaded function.\n\n";
}
// Then specific overload signatures
for (auto it = chain_start; it != nullptr; it = it->next) {
if (options::show_function_signatures()) {
if (chain)
signatures += std::to_string(++index) + ". ";
signatures += rec->name;
signatures += it->signature;
signatures += "\n";
}
if (it->doc && strlen(it->doc) > 0 && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) {
if (options::show_function_signatures()) signatures += "\n";
signatures += it->doc;
if (options::show_function_signatures()) signatures += "\n";
}
if (it->next)
signatures += "\n";
}
/* Install docstring */
PyCFunctionObject *func = (PyCFunctionObject *) m_ptr;
if (func->m_ml->ml_doc)
std::free((char *) func->m_ml->ml_doc);
func->m_ml->ml_doc = strdup(signatures.c_str());
if (rec->is_method) {
m_ptr = PYBIND11_INSTANCE_METHOD_NEW(m_ptr, rec->scope.ptr());
if (!m_ptr)
pybind11_fail("cpp_function::cpp_function(): Could not allocate instance method object");
Py_DECREF(func);
}
}
/// When a cpp_function is GCed, release any memory allocated by pybind11
static void destruct(detail::function_record *rec) {
while (rec) {
detail::function_record *next = rec->next;
if (rec->free_data)
rec->free_data(rec);
std::free((char *) rec->name);
std::free((char *) rec->doc);
std::free((char *) rec->signature);
for (auto &arg: rec->args) {
std::free((char *) arg.name);
std::free((char *) arg.descr);
arg.value.dec_ref();
}
if (rec->def) {
std::free((char *) rec->def->ml_doc);
delete rec->def;
}
delete rec;
rec = next;
}
}
/// Main dispatch logic for calls to functions bound using pybind11
static PyObject *dispatcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs) {
/* Iterator over the list of potentially admissible overloads */
detail::function_record *overloads = (detail::function_record *) PyCapsule_GetPointer(self, nullptr),
*it = overloads;
/* Need to know how many arguments + keyword arguments there are to pick the right overload */
size_t nargs = (size_t) PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args),
nkwargs = kwargs ? (size_t) PyDict_Size(kwargs) : 0;
handle parent = nargs > 0 ? PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0) : nullptr,
result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
try {
for (; it != nullptr; it = it->next) {
auto args_ = reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(args);
size_t kwargs_consumed = 0;
/* For each overload:
1. If the required list of arguments is longer than the
actually provided amount, create a copy of the argument
list and fill in any available keyword/default arguments.
2. Ensure that all keyword arguments were "consumed"
3. Call the function call dispatcher (function_record::impl)
*/
size_t nargs_ = nargs;
if (nargs < it->args.size()) {
nargs_ = it->args.size();
args_ = tuple(nargs_);
for (size_t i = 0; i < nargs; ++i) {
handle item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i);
PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args_.ptr(), i, item.inc_ref().ptr());
}
int arg_ctr = 0;
for (auto const &it2 : it->args) {
int index = arg_ctr++;
if (PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_.ptr(), index))
continue;
handle value;
if (kwargs)
value = PyDict_GetItemString(kwargs, it2.name);
if (value)
kwargs_consumed++;
else if (it2.value)
value = it2.value;
if (value) {
PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args_.ptr(), index, value.inc_ref().ptr());
} else {
kwargs_consumed = (size_t) -1; /* definite failure */
break;
}
}
}
try {
if ((kwargs_consumed == nkwargs || it->has_kwargs) &&
(nargs_ == it->nargs || it->has_args))
result = it->impl(it, args_, kwargs, parent);
} catch (reference_cast_error &) {
result = PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD;
}
if (result.ptr() != PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD)
break;
}
} catch (error_already_set &e) {
e.restore();
return nullptr;
} catch (...) {
/* When an exception is caught, give each registered exception
translator a chance to translate it to a Python exception
in reverse order of registration.
A translator may choose to do one of the following:
- catch the exception and call PyErr_SetString or PyErr_SetObject
to set a standard (or custom) Python exception, or
- do nothing and let the exception fall through to the next translator, or
- delegate translation to the next translator by throwing a new type of exception. */
auto last_exception = std::current_exception();
auto &registered_exception_translators = pybind11::detail::get_internals().registered_exception_translators;
for (auto& translator : registered_exception_translators) {
try {
translator(last_exception);
} catch (...) {
last_exception = std::current_exception();
continue;
}
return nullptr;
}
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Exception escaped from default exception translator!");
return nullptr;
}
if (result.ptr() == PYBIND11_TRY_NEXT_OVERLOAD) {
if (overloads->is_operator)
return handle(Py_NotImplemented).inc_ref().ptr();
std::string msg = std::string(overloads->name) + "(): incompatible " +
std::string(overloads->is_constructor ? "constructor" : "function") +
" arguments. The following argument types are supported:\n";
int ctr = 0;
for (detail::function_record *it2 = overloads; it2 != nullptr; it2 = it2->next) {
msg += " "+ std::to_string(++ctr) + ". ";
bool wrote_sig = false;
if (overloads->is_constructor) {
// For a constructor, rewrite `(self: Object, arg0, ...) -> NoneType` as `Object(arg0, ...)`
std::string sig = it2->signature;
size_t start = sig.find('(') + 7; // skip "(self: "
if (start < sig.size()) {
// End at the , for the next argument
size_t end = sig.find(", "), next = end + 2;
size_t ret = sig.rfind(" -> ");
// Or the ), if there is no comma:
if (end >= sig.size()) next = end = sig.find(')');
if (start < end && next < sig.size()) {
msg.append(sig, start, end - start);
msg += '(';
msg.append(sig, next, ret - next);
wrote_sig = true;
}
}
}
if (!wrote_sig) msg += it2->signature;
msg += "\n";
}
msg += "\nInvoked with: ";
auto args_ = reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(args);
for (size_t ti = overloads->is_constructor ? 1 : 0; ti < args_.size(); ++ti) {
msg += pybind11::repr(args_[ti]);
if ((ti + 1) != args_.size() )
msg += ", ";
}
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
return nullptr;
} else if (!result) {
std::string msg = "Unable to convert function return value to a "
"Python type! The signature was\n\t";
msg += it->signature;
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
return nullptr;
} else {
if (overloads->is_constructor) {
/* When a constructor ran successfully, the corresponding
holder type (e.g. std::unique_ptr) must still be initialized. */
PyObject *inst = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0);
auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(Py_TYPE(inst));
tinfo->init_holder(inst, nullptr);
}
return result.ptr();
}
}
};
/// Wrapper for Python extension modules
class module : public object {
public:
PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(module, object, PyModule_Check)
explicit module(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) {
if (!options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) doc = nullptr;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
PyModuleDef *def = new PyModuleDef();
memset(def, 0, sizeof(PyModuleDef));
def->m_name = name;
def->m_doc = doc;
def->m_size = -1;
Py_INCREF(def);
m_ptr = PyModule_Create(def);
#else
m_ptr = Py_InitModule3(name, nullptr, doc);
#endif
if (m_ptr == nullptr)
pybind11_fail("Internal error in module::module()");
inc_ref();
}
template <typename Func, typename... Extra>
module &def(const char *name_, Func &&f, const Extra& ... extra) {
cpp_function func(std::forward<Func>(f), name(name_), scope(*this),
sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...);
// NB: allow overwriting here because cpp_function sets up a chain with the intention of
// overwriting (and has already checked internally that it isn't overwriting non-functions).
add_object(name_, func, true /* overwrite */);
return *this;
}
module def_submodule(const char *name, const char *doc = nullptr) {
std::string full_name = std::string(PyModule_GetName(m_ptr))
+ std::string(".") + std::string(name);
auto result = reinterpret_borrow<module>(PyImport_AddModule(full_name.c_str()));
if (doc && options::show_user_defined_docstrings())
result.attr("__doc__") = pybind11::str(doc);
attr(name) = result;
return result;
}
static module import(const char *name) {
PyObject *obj = PyImport_ImportModule(name);
if (!obj)
throw error_already_set();
return reinterpret_steal<module>(obj);
}
// Adds an object to the module using the given name. Throws if an object with the given name
// already exists.
//
// overwrite should almost always be false: attempting to overwrite objects that pybind11 has
// established will, in most cases, break things.
PYBIND11_NOINLINE void add_object(const char *name, object &obj, bool overwrite = false) {
if (!overwrite && hasattr(*this, name))
pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible definitions with name \"" +
std::string(name) + "\"");
obj.inc_ref(); // PyModule_AddObject() steals a reference
PyModule_AddObject(ptr(), name, obj.ptr());
}
};
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
extern "C" inline PyObject *get_dict(PyObject *op, void *) {
PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(op);
if (!dict) {
dict = PyDict_New();
}
Py_XINCREF(dict);
return dict;
}
extern "C" inline int set_dict(PyObject *op, PyObject *new_dict, void *) {
if (!PyDict_Check(new_dict)) {
PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "__dict__ must be set to a dictionary, not a '%.200s'",
Py_TYPE(new_dict)->tp_name);
return -1;
}
PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(op);
Py_INCREF(new_dict);
Py_CLEAR(dict);
dict = new_dict;
return 0;
}
static PyGetSetDef generic_getset[] = {
{const_cast<char*>("__dict__"), get_dict, set_dict, nullptr, nullptr},
{nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr}
};
/// Generic support for creating new Python heap types
class generic_type : public object {
template <typename...> friend class class_;
public:
PYBIND11_OBJECT_DEFAULT(generic_type, object, PyType_Check)
protected:
void initialize(type_record *rec) {
auto &internals = get_internals();
auto tindex = std::type_index(*(rec->type));
if (get_type_info(*(rec->type)))
pybind11_fail("generic_type: type \"" + std::string(rec->name) +
"\" is already registered!");
auto name = reinterpret_steal<object>(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(rec->name));
object scope_module;
if (rec->scope) {
if (hasattr(rec->scope, rec->name))
pybind11_fail("generic_type: cannot initialize type \"" + std::string(rec->name) +
"\": an object with that name is already defined");
if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__module__")) {
scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__module__");
} else if (hasattr(rec->scope, "__name__")) {
scope_module = rec->scope.attr("__name__");
}
}
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION >= 3
/* Qualified names for Python >= 3.3 */
object scope_qualname;
if (rec->scope && hasattr(rec->scope, "__qualname__"))
scope_qualname = rec->scope.attr("__qualname__");
object ht_qualname;
if (scope_qualname) {
ht_qualname = reinterpret_steal<object>(PyUnicode_FromFormat(
"%U.%U", scope_qualname.ptr(), name.ptr()));
} else {
ht_qualname = name;
}
#endif
size_t num_bases = rec->bases.size();
auto bases = tuple(rec->bases);
std::string full_name = (scope_module ? ((std::string) pybind11::str(scope_module) + "." + rec->name)
: std::string(rec->name));
char *tp_doc = nullptr;
if (rec->doc && options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) {
/* Allocate memory for docstring (using PyObject_MALLOC, since
Python will free this later on) */
size_t size = strlen(rec->doc) + 1;
tp_doc = (char *) PyObject_MALLOC(size);
memcpy((void *) tp_doc, rec->doc, size);
}
/* Danger zone: from now (and until PyType_Ready), make sure to
issue no Python C API calls which could potentially invoke the
garbage collector (the GC will call type_traverse(), which will in
turn find the newly constructed type in an invalid state) */
auto type_holder = reinterpret_steal<object>(PyType_Type.tp_alloc(&PyType_Type, 0));
auto type = (PyHeapTypeObject*) type_holder.ptr();
if (!type_holder || !name)
pybind11_fail(std::string(rec->name) + ": Unable to create type object!");
/* Register supplemental type information in C++ dict */
detail::type_info *tinfo = new detail::type_info();
tinfo->type = (PyTypeObject *) type;
tinfo->type_size = rec->type_size;
tinfo->init_holder = rec->init_holder;
tinfo->direct_conversions = &internals.direct_conversions[tindex];
internals.registered_types_cpp[tindex] = tinfo;
internals.registered_types_py[type] = tinfo;
/* Basic type attributes */
type->ht_type.tp_name = strdup(full_name.c_str());
type->ht_type.tp_basicsize = (ssize_t) rec->instance_size;
if (num_bases > 0) {
type->ht_type.tp_base = (PyTypeObject *) ((object) bases[0]).inc_ref().ptr();
type->ht_type.tp_bases = bases.release().ptr();
rec->multiple_inheritance |= num_bases > 1;
}
type->ht_name = name.release().ptr();
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION >= 3
type->ht_qualname = ht_qualname.release().ptr();
#endif
/* Supported protocols */
type->ht_type.tp_as_number = &type->as_number;
type->ht_type.tp_as_sequence = &type->as_sequence;
type->ht_type.tp_as_mapping = &type->as_mapping;
/* Supported elementary operations */
type->ht_type.tp_init = (initproc) init;
type->ht_type.tp_new = (newfunc) new_instance;
type->ht_type.tp_dealloc = rec->dealloc;
/* Support weak references (needed for the keep_alive feature) */
type->ht_type.tp_weaklistoffset = offsetof(instance_essentials<void>, weakrefs);
/* Flags */
type->ht_type.tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
type->ht_type.tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES;
#endif
type->ht_type.tp_flags &= ~Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC;
/* Support dynamic attributes */
if (rec->dynamic_attr) {
type->ht_type.tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC;
type->ht_type.tp_dictoffset = type->ht_type.tp_basicsize; // place the dict at the end
type->ht_type.tp_basicsize += sizeof(PyObject *); // and allocate enough space for it
type->ht_type.tp_getset = generic_getset;
type->ht_type.tp_traverse = traverse;
type->ht_type.tp_clear = clear;
}
type->ht_type.tp_doc = tp_doc;
if (PyType_Ready(&type->ht_type) < 0)
pybind11_fail(std::string(rec->name) + ": PyType_Ready failed (" +
detail::error_string() + ")!");
m_ptr = type_holder.ptr();
if (scope_module) // Needed by pydoc
attr("__module__") = scope_module;
/* Register type with the parent scope */
if (rec->scope)
rec->scope.attr(handle(type->ht_name)) = *this;
if (rec->multiple_inheritance)
mark_parents_nonsimple(&type->ht_type);
type_holder.release();
}
/// Helper function which tags all parents of a type using mult. inheritance
void mark_parents_nonsimple(PyTypeObject *value) {
auto t = reinterpret_borrow<tuple>(value->tp_bases);
for (handle h : t) {
auto tinfo2 = get_type_info((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr());
if (tinfo2)
tinfo2->simple_type = false;
mark_parents_nonsimple((PyTypeObject *) h.ptr());
}
}
/// Allocate a metaclass on demand (for static properties)
handle metaclass() {
auto &ht_type = ((PyHeapTypeObject *) m_ptr)->ht_type;
auto &ob_type = PYBIND11_OB_TYPE(ht_type);
if (ob_type == &PyType_Type) {
std::string name_ = std::string(ht_type.tp_name) + "__Meta";
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION >= 3
auto ht_qualname = reinterpret_steal<object>(PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U__Meta", attr("__qualname__").ptr()));
#endif
auto name = reinterpret_steal<object>(PYBIND11_FROM_STRING(name_.c_str()));
auto type_holder = reinterpret_steal<object>(PyType_Type.tp_alloc(&PyType_Type, 0));
if (!type_holder || !name)
pybind11_fail("generic_type::metaclass(): unable to create type object!");
auto type = (PyHeapTypeObject*) type_holder.ptr();
type->ht_name = name.release().ptr();
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION >= 3
/* Qualified names for Python >= 3.3 */
type->ht_qualname = ht_qualname.release().ptr();
#endif
type->ht_type.tp_name = strdup(name_.c_str());
type->ht_type.tp_base = ob_type;
type->ht_type.tp_flags |= (Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) &
~Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC;
if (PyType_Ready(&type->ht_type) < 0)
pybind11_fail("generic_type::metaclass(): PyType_Ready failed!");
ob_type = (PyTypeObject *) type_holder.release().ptr();
}
return handle((PyObject *) ob_type);
}
static int init(void *self, PyObject *, PyObject *) {
std::string msg = std::string(Py_TYPE(self)->tp_name) + ": No constructor defined!";
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
return -1;
}
static PyObject *new_instance(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *, PyObject *) {
instance<void> *self = (instance<void> *) PyType_GenericAlloc((PyTypeObject *) type, 0);
auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(type);
self->value = ::operator new(tinfo->type_size);
self->owned = true;
self->holder_constructed = false;
detail::get_internals().registered_instances.emplace(self->value, (PyObject *) self);
return (PyObject *) self;
}
static void dealloc(instance<void> *self) {
if (self->value) {
auto instance_type = Py_TYPE(self);
auto &registered_instances = detail::get_internals().registered_instances;
auto range = registered_instances.equal_range(self->value);
bool found = false;
for (auto it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) {
if (instance_type == Py_TYPE(it->second)) {
registered_instances.erase(it);
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (!found)
pybind11_fail("generic_type::dealloc(): Tried to deallocate unregistered instance!");
if (self->weakrefs)
PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *) self);
PyObject **dict_ptr = _PyObject_GetDictPtr((PyObject *) self);
if (dict_ptr) {
Py_CLEAR(*dict_ptr);
}
}
Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject*) self);
}
static int traverse(PyObject *op, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(op);
Py_VISIT(dict);
return 0;
}
static int clear(PyObject *op) {
PyObject *&dict = *_PyObject_GetDictPtr(op);
Py_CLEAR(dict);
return 0;
}
void install_buffer_funcs(
buffer_info *(*get_buffer)(PyObject *, void *),
void *get_buffer_data) {
PyHeapTypeObject *type = (PyHeapTypeObject*) m_ptr;
type->ht_type.tp_as_buffer = &type->as_buffer;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
type->ht_type.tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER;
#endif
type->as_buffer.bf_getbuffer = getbuffer;
type->as_buffer.bf_releasebuffer = releasebuffer;
auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(&type->ht_type);
tinfo->get_buffer = get_buffer;
tinfo->get_buffer_data = get_buffer_data;
}
static int getbuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags) {
auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(Py_TYPE(obj));
if (view == nullptr || obj == nullptr || !tinfo || !tinfo->get_buffer) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_BufferError, "generic_type::getbuffer(): Internal error");
return -1;
}
memset(view, 0, sizeof(Py_buffer));
buffer_info *info = tinfo->get_buffer(obj, tinfo->get_buffer_data);
view->obj = obj;
view->ndim = 1;
view->internal = info;
view->buf = info->ptr;
view->itemsize = (ssize_t) info->itemsize;
view->len = view->itemsize;
for (auto s : info->shape)
view->len *= s;
if ((flags & PyBUF_FORMAT) == PyBUF_FORMAT)
view->format = const_cast<char *>(info->format.c_str());
if ((flags & PyBUF_STRIDES) == PyBUF_STRIDES) {
view->ndim = (int) info->ndim;
view->strides = (ssize_t *) &info->strides[0];
view->shape = (ssize_t *) &info->shape[0];
}
Py_INCREF(view->obj);
return 0;
}
static void releasebuffer(PyObject *, Py_buffer *view) { delete (buffer_info *) view->internal; }
};
NAMESPACE_END(detail)
template <typename type_, typename... options>
class class_ : public detail::generic_type {
template <typename T> using is_holder = detail::is_holder_type<type_, T>;
template <typename T> using is_subtype = detail::bool_constant<std::is_base_of<type_, T>::value && !std::is_same<T, type_>::value>;
template <typename T> using is_base = detail::bool_constant<std::is_base_of<T, type_>::value && !std::is_same<T, type_>::value>;
template <typename T> using is_valid_class_option =
detail::bool_constant<
is_holder<T>::value ||
is_subtype<T>::value ||
is_base<T>::value
>;
public:
using type = type_;
using type_alias = detail::first_of_t<is_subtype, void, options...>;
constexpr static bool has_alias = !std::is_void<type_alias>::value;
using holder_type = detail::first_of_t<is_holder, std::unique_ptr<type>, options...>;
using instance_type = detail::instance<type, holder_type>;
static_assert(detail::all_of_t<is_valid_class_option, options...>::value,
"Unknown/invalid class_ template parameters provided");
PYBIND11_OBJECT(class_, generic_type, PyType_Check)
template <typename... Extra>
class_(handle scope, const char *name, const Extra &... extra) {
detail::type_record record;
record.scope = scope;
record.name = name;
record.type = &typeid(type);
record.type_size = sizeof(detail::conditional_t<has_alias, type_alias, type>);
record.instance_size = sizeof(instance_type);
record.init_holder = init_holder;
record.dealloc = dealloc;
/* Register base classes specified via template arguments to class_, if any */
bool unused[] = { (add_base<options>(record), false)..., false };
(void) unused;
/* Process optional arguments, if any */
detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., &record);
detail::generic_type::initialize(&record);
if (has_alias) {
auto &instances = pybind11::detail::get_internals().registered_types_cpp;
instances[std::type_index(typeid(type_alias))] = instances[std::type_index(typeid(type))];
}
}
template <typename Base, detail::enable_if_t<is_base<Base>::value, int> = 0>
static void add_base(detail::type_record &rec) {
rec.add_base(&typeid(Base), [](void *src) -> void * {
return static_cast<Base *>(reinterpret_cast<type *>(src));
});
}
template <typename Base, detail::enable_if_t<!is_base<Base>::value, int> = 0>
static void add_base(detail::type_record &) { }
template <typename Func, typename... Extra>
class_ &def(const char *name_, Func&& f, const Extra&... extra) {
cpp_function cf(std::forward<Func>(f), name(name_), is_method(*this),
sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...);
attr(cf.name()) = cf;
return *this;
}
template <typename Func, typename... Extra> class_ &
def_static(const char *name_, Func f, const Extra&... extra) {
cpp_function cf(std::forward<Func>(f), name(name_), scope(*this),
sibling(getattr(*this, name_, none())), extra...);
attr(cf.name()) = cf;
return *this;
}
template <detail::op_id id, detail::op_type ot, typename L, typename R, typename... Extra>
class_ &def(const detail::op_<id, ot, L, R> &op, const Extra&... extra) {
op.execute(*this, extra...);
return *this;
}
template <detail::op_id id, detail::op_type ot, typename L, typename R, typename... Extra>
class_ & def_cast(const detail::op_<id, ot, L, R> &op, const Extra&... extra) {
op.execute_cast(*this, extra...);
return *this;
}
template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
class_ &def(const detail::init<Args...> &init, const Extra&... extra) {
init.execute(*this, extra...);
return *this;
}
template <typename... Args, typename... Extra>
class_ &def(const detail::init_alias<Args...> &init, const Extra&... extra) {
init.execute(*this, extra...);
return *this;
}
template <typename Func> class_& def_buffer(Func &&func) {
struct capture { Func func; };
capture *ptr = new capture { std::forward<Func>(func) };
install_buffer_funcs([](PyObject *obj, void *ptr) -> buffer_info* {
detail::type_caster<type> caster;
if (!caster.load(obj, false))
return nullptr;
return new buffer_info(((capture *) ptr)->func(caster));
}, ptr);
return *this;
}
template <typename C, typename D, typename... Extra>
class_ &def_readwrite(const char *name, D C::*pm, const Extra&... extra) {
cpp_function fget([pm](const C &c) -> const D &{ return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this)),
fset([pm](C &c, const D &value) { c.*pm = value; }, is_method(*this));
def_property(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
return *this;
}
template <typename C, typename D, typename... Extra>
class_ &def_readonly(const char *name, const D C::*pm, const Extra& ...extra) {
cpp_function fget([pm](const C &c) -> const D &{ return c.*pm; }, is_method(*this));
def_property_readonly(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
return *this;
}
template <typename D, typename... Extra>
class_ &def_readwrite_static(const char *name, D *pm, const Extra& ...extra) {
cpp_function fget([pm](object) -> const D &{ return *pm; }, scope(*this)),
fset([pm](object, const D &value) { *pm = value; }, scope(*this));
def_property_static(name, fget, fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
return *this;
}
template <typename D, typename... Extra>
class_ &def_readonly_static(const char *name, const D *pm, const Extra& ...extra) {
cpp_function fget([pm](object) -> const D &{ return *pm; }, scope(*this));
def_property_readonly_static(name, fget, return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
return *this;
}
/// Uses return_value_policy::reference_internal by default
template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
class_ &def_property_readonly(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra& ...extra) {
return def_property_readonly(name, cpp_function(fget), return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
}
/// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default
template <typename... Extra>
class_ &def_property_readonly(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const Extra& ...extra) {
return def_property(name, fget, cpp_function(), extra...);
}
/// Uses return_value_policy::reference by default
template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
class_ &def_property_readonly_static(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const Extra& ...extra) {
return def_property_readonly_static(name, cpp_function(fget), return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
}
/// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default
template <typename... Extra>
class_ &def_property_readonly_static(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const Extra& ...extra) {
return def_property_static(name, fget, cpp_function(), extra...);
}
/// Uses return_value_policy::reference_internal by default
template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
class_ &def_property(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) {
return def_property(name, cpp_function(fget), fset, return_value_policy::reference_internal, extra...);
}
/// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default
template <typename... Extra>
class_ &def_property(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) {
return def_property_static(name, fget, fset, is_method(*this), extra...);
}
/// Uses return_value_policy::reference by default
template <typename Getter, typename... Extra>
class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const Getter &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) {
return def_property_static(name, cpp_function(fget), fset, return_value_policy::reference, extra...);
}
/// Uses cpp_function's return_value_policy by default
template <typename... Extra>
class_ &def_property_static(const char *name, const cpp_function &fget, const cpp_function &fset, const Extra& ...extra) {
auto rec_fget = get_function_record(fget), rec_fset = get_function_record(fset);
char *doc_prev = rec_fget->doc; /* 'extra' field may include a property-specific documentation string */
detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., rec_fget);
if (rec_fget->doc && rec_fget->doc != doc_prev) {
free(doc_prev);
rec_fget->doc = strdup(rec_fget->doc);
}
if (rec_fset) {
doc_prev = rec_fset->doc;
detail::process_attributes<Extra...>::init(extra..., rec_fset);
if (rec_fset->doc && rec_fset->doc != doc_prev) {
free(doc_prev);
rec_fset->doc = strdup(rec_fset->doc);
}
}
pybind11::str doc_obj = pybind11::str((rec_fget->doc && pybind11::options::show_user_defined_docstrings()) ? rec_fget->doc : "");
const auto property = reinterpret_steal<object>(
PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs((PyObject *) &PyProperty_Type, fget.ptr() ? fget.ptr() : Py_None,
fset.ptr() ? fset.ptr() : Py_None, Py_None, doc_obj.ptr(), nullptr));
if (rec_fget->is_method && rec_fget->scope)
attr(name) = property;
else
metaclass().attr(name) = property;
return *this;
}
private:
/// Initialize holder object, variant 1: object derives from enable_shared_from_this
template <typename T>
static void init_holder_helper(instance_type *inst, const holder_type * /* unused */, const std::enable_shared_from_this<T> * /* dummy */) {
try {
new (&inst->holder) holder_type(std::static_pointer_cast<typename holder_type::element_type>(inst->value->shared_from_this()));
} catch (const std::bad_weak_ptr &) {
new (&inst->holder) holder_type(inst->value);
}
inst->holder_constructed = true;
}
/// Initialize holder object, variant 2: try to construct from existing holder object, if possible
template <typename T = holder_type,
detail::enable_if_t<std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value, int> = 0>
static void init_holder_helper(instance_type *inst, const holder_type *holder_ptr, const void * /* dummy */) {
if (holder_ptr)
new (&inst->holder) holder_type(*holder_ptr);
else
new (&inst->holder) holder_type(inst->value);
inst->holder_constructed = true;
}
/// Initialize holder object, variant 3: holder is not copy constructible (e.g. unique_ptr), always initialize from raw pointer
template <typename T = holder_type,
detail::enable_if_t<!std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value, int> = 0>
static void init_holder_helper(instance_type *inst, const holder_type * /* unused */, const void * /* dummy */) {
if (inst->owned) {
new (&inst->holder) holder_type(inst->value);
inst->holder_constructed = true;
}
}
/// Initialize holder object of an instance, possibly given a pointer to an existing holder
static void init_holder(PyObject *inst_, const void *holder_ptr) {
auto inst = (instance_type *) inst_;
init_holder_helper(inst, (const holder_type *) holder_ptr, inst->value);
}
static void dealloc(PyObject *inst_) {
instance_type *inst = (instance_type *) inst_;
if (inst->holder_constructed)
inst->holder.~holder_type();
else if (inst->owned)
::operator delete(inst->value);
generic_type::dealloc((detail::instance<void> *) inst);
}
static detail::function_record *get_function_record(handle h) {
h = detail::get_function(h);
return h ? (detail::function_record *) reinterpret_borrow<capsule>(PyCFunction_GetSelf(h.ptr()))
: nullptr;
}
};
/// Binds C++ enumerations and enumeration classes to Python
template <typename Type> class enum_ : public class_<Type> {
public:
using class_<Type>::def;
using Scalar = typename std::underlying_type<Type>::type;
template <typename T> using arithmetic_tag = std::is_same<T, arithmetic>;
template <typename... Extra>
enum_(const handle &scope, const char *name, const Extra&... extra)
: class_<Type>(scope, name, extra...), m_parent(scope) {
constexpr bool is_arithmetic =
!std::is_same<detail::first_of_t<arithmetic_tag, void, Extra...>,
void>::value;
auto entries = new std::unordered_map<Scalar, const char *>();
def("__repr__", [name, entries](Type value) -> std::string {
auto it = entries->find((Scalar) value);
return std::string(name) + "." +
((it == entries->end()) ? std::string("???")
: std::string(it->second));
});
def("__init__", [](Type& value, Scalar i) { value = (Type)i; });
def("__init__", [](Type& value, Scalar i) { new (&value) Type((Type) i); });
def("__int__", [](Type value) { return (Scalar) value; });
def("__eq__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value == *value2; });
def("__ne__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return !value2 || value != *value2; });
if (is_arithmetic) {
def("__lt__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value < *value2; });
def("__gt__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value > *value2; });
def("__le__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value <= *value2; });
def("__ge__", [](const Type &value, Type *value2) { return value2 && value >= *value2; });
}
if (std::is_convertible<Type, Scalar>::value) {
// Don't provide comparison with the underlying type if the enum isn't convertible,
// i.e. if Type is a scoped enum, mirroring the C++ behaviour. (NB: we explicitly
// convert Type to Scalar below anyway because this needs to compile).
def("__eq__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value == value2; });
def("__ne__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value != value2; });
if (is_arithmetic) {
def("__lt__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value < value2; });
def("__gt__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value > value2; });
def("__le__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value <= value2; });
def("__ge__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value >= value2; });
def("__invert__", [](const Type &value) { return ~((Scalar) value); });
def("__and__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value & value2; });
def("__or__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value | value2; });
def("__xor__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value ^ value2; });
def("__rand__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value & value2; });
def("__ror__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value | value2; });
def("__rxor__", [](const Type &value, Scalar value2) { return (Scalar) value ^ value2; });
def("__and__", [](const Type &value, const Type &value2) { return (Scalar) value & (Scalar) value2; });
def("__or__", [](const Type &value, const Type &value2) { return (Scalar) value | (Scalar) value2; });
def("__xor__", [](const Type &value, const Type &value2) { return (Scalar) value ^ (Scalar) value2; });
}
}
def("__hash__", [](const Type &value) { return (Scalar) value; });
// Pickling and unpickling -- needed for use with the 'multiprocessing' module
def("__getstate__", [](const Type &value) { return pybind11::make_tuple((Scalar) value); });
def("__setstate__", [](Type &p, tuple t) { new (&p) Type((Type) t[0].cast<Scalar>()); });
m_entries = entries;
}
/// Export enumeration entries into the parent scope
enum_ &export_values() {
PyObject *dict = ((PyTypeObject *) this->m_ptr)->tp_dict;
PyObject *key, *value;
ssize_t pos = 0;
while (PyDict_Next(dict, &pos, &key, &value))
if (PyObject_IsInstance(value, this->m_ptr))
m_parent.attr(key) = value;
return *this;
}
/// Add an enumeration entry
enum_& value(char const* name, Type value) {
this->attr(name) = pybind11::cast(value, return_value_policy::copy);
(*m_entries)[(Scalar) value] = name;
return *this;
}
private:
std::unordered_map<Scalar, const char *> *m_entries;
handle m_parent;
};
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
template <typename... Args> struct init {
template <typename Class, typename... Extra, enable_if_t<!Class::has_alias, int> = 0>
static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) {
using Base = typename Class::type;
/// Function which calls a specific C++ in-place constructor
cl.def("__init__", [](Base *self_, Args... args) { new (self_) Base(args...); }, extra...);
}
template <typename Class, typename... Extra,
enable_if_t<Class::has_alias &&
std::is_constructible<typename Class::type, Args...>::value, int> = 0>
static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) {
using Base = typename Class::type;
using Alias = typename Class::type_alias;
handle cl_type = cl;
cl.def("__init__", [cl_type](handle self_, Args... args) {
if (self_.get_type() == cl_type)
new (self_.cast<Base *>()) Base(args...);
else
new (self_.cast<Alias *>()) Alias(args...);
}, extra...);
}
template <typename Class, typename... Extra,
enable_if_t<Class::has_alias &&
!std::is_constructible<typename Class::type, Args...>::value, int> = 0>
static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) {
init_alias<Args...>::execute(cl, extra...);
}
};
template <typename... Args> struct init_alias {
template <typename Class, typename... Extra,
enable_if_t<Class::has_alias && std::is_constructible<typename Class::type_alias, Args...>::value, int> = 0>
static void execute(Class &cl, const Extra&... extra) {
using Alias = typename Class::type_alias;
cl.def("__init__", [](Alias *self_, Args... args) { new (self_) Alias(args...); }, extra...);
}
};
inline void keep_alive_impl(handle nurse, handle patient) {
/* Clever approach based on weak references taken from Boost.Python */
if (!nurse || !patient)
pybind11_fail("Could not activate keep_alive!");
if (patient.is_none() || nurse.is_none())
return; /* Nothing to keep alive or nothing to be kept alive by */
cpp_function disable_lifesupport(
[patient](handle weakref) { patient.dec_ref(); weakref.dec_ref(); });
weakref wr(nurse, disable_lifesupport);
patient.inc_ref(); /* reference patient and leak the weak reference */
(void) wr.release();
}
PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline void keep_alive_impl(int Nurse, int Patient, handle args, handle ret) {
handle nurse (Nurse > 0 ? PyTuple_GetItem(args.ptr(), Nurse - 1) : ret.ptr());
handle patient(Patient > 0 ? PyTuple_GetItem(args.ptr(), Patient - 1) : ret.ptr());
keep_alive_impl(nurse, patient);
}
template <typename Iterator, typename Sentinel, bool KeyIterator, return_value_policy Policy>
struct iterator_state {
Iterator it;
Sentinel end;
bool first;
};
NAMESPACE_END(detail)
template <typename... Args> detail::init<Args...> init() { return detail::init<Args...>(); }
template <typename... Args> detail::init_alias<Args...> init_alias() { return detail::init_alias<Args...>(); }
template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
typename Iterator,
typename Sentinel,
typename ValueType = decltype(*std::declval<Iterator>()),
typename... Extra>
iterator make_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&... extra) {
typedef detail::iterator_state<Iterator, Sentinel, false, Policy> state;
if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(state), false)) {
class_<state>(handle(), "iterator")
.def("__iter__", [](state &s) -> state& { return s; })
.def("__next__", [](state &s) -> ValueType {
if (!s.first)
++s.it;
else
s.first = false;
if (s.it == s.end)
throw stop_iteration();
return *s.it;
}, std::forward<Extra>(extra)..., Policy);
}
return (iterator) cast(state { first, last, true });
}
template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
typename Iterator,
typename Sentinel,
typename KeyType = decltype((*std::declval<Iterator>()).first),
typename... Extra>
iterator make_key_iterator(Iterator first, Sentinel last, Extra &&... extra) {
typedef detail::iterator_state<Iterator, Sentinel, true, Policy> state;
if (!detail::get_type_info(typeid(state), false)) {
class_<state>(handle(), "iterator")
.def("__iter__", [](state &s) -> state& { return s; })
.def("__next__", [](state &s) -> KeyType {
if (!s.first)
++s.it;
else
s.first = false;
if (s.it == s.end)
throw stop_iteration();
return (*s.it).first;
}, std::forward<Extra>(extra)..., Policy);
}
return (iterator) cast(state { first, last, true });
}
template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
typename Type, typename... Extra> iterator make_iterator(Type &value, Extra&&... extra) {
return make_iterator<Policy>(std::begin(value), std::end(value), extra...);
}
template <return_value_policy Policy = return_value_policy::reference_internal,
typename Type, typename... Extra> iterator make_key_iterator(Type &value, Extra&&... extra) {
return make_key_iterator<Policy>(std::begin(value), std::end(value), extra...);
}
template <typename InputType, typename OutputType> void implicitly_convertible() {
auto implicit_caster = [](PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) -> PyObject * {
if (!detail::type_caster<InputType>().load(obj, false))
return nullptr;
tuple args(1);
args[0] = obj;
PyObject *result = PyObject_Call((PyObject *) type, args.ptr(), nullptr);
if (result == nullptr)
PyErr_Clear();
return result;
};
if (auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(OutputType)))
tinfo->implicit_conversions.push_back(implicit_caster);
else
pybind11_fail("implicitly_convertible: Unable to find type " + type_id<OutputType>());
}
template <typename ExceptionTranslator>
void register_exception_translator(ExceptionTranslator&& translator) {
detail::get_internals().registered_exception_translators.push_front(
std::forward<ExceptionTranslator>(translator));
}
/* Wrapper to generate a new Python exception type.
*
* This should only be used with PyErr_SetString for now.
* It is not (yet) possible to use as a py::base.
* Template type argument is reserved for future use.
*/
template <typename type>
class exception : public object {
public:
exception(handle scope, const char *name, PyObject *base = PyExc_Exception) {
std::string full_name = scope.attr("__name__").cast<std::string>() +
std::string(".") + name;
m_ptr = PyErr_NewException((char *) full_name.c_str(), base, NULL);
if (hasattr(scope, name))
pybind11_fail("Error during initialization: multiple incompatible "
"definitions with name \"" + std::string(name) + "\"");
scope.attr(name) = *this;
}
// Sets the current python exception to this exception object with the given message
void operator()(const char *message) {
PyErr_SetString(m_ptr, message);
}
};
/** Registers a Python exception in `m` of the given `name` and installs an exception translator to
* translate the C++ exception to the created Python exception using the exceptions what() method.
* This is intended for simple exception translations; for more complex translation, register the
* exception object and translator directly.
*/
template <typename CppException>
exception<CppException> &register_exception(handle scope,
const char *name,
PyObject *base = PyExc_Exception) {
static exception<CppException> ex(scope, name, base);
register_exception_translator([](std::exception_ptr p) {
if (!p) return;
try {
std::rethrow_exception(p);
} catch (const CppException &e) {
ex(e.what());
}
});
return ex;
}
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)
PYBIND11_NOINLINE inline void print(tuple args, dict kwargs) {
auto strings = tuple(args.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
strings[i] = str(args[i]);
}
auto sep = kwargs.contains("sep") ? kwargs["sep"] : cast(" ");
auto line = sep.attr("join")(strings);
object file;
if (kwargs.contains("file")) {
file = kwargs["file"].cast<object>();
} else {
try {
file = module::import("sys").attr("stdout");
} catch (const error_already_set &) {
/* If print() is called from code that is executed as
part of garbage collection during interpreter shutdown,
importing 'sys' can fail. Give up rather than crashing the
interpreter in this case. */
return;
}
}
auto write = file.attr("write");
write(line);
write(kwargs.contains("end") ? kwargs["end"] : cast("\n"));
if (kwargs.contains("flush") && kwargs["flush"].cast<bool>())
file.attr("flush")();
}
NAMESPACE_END(detail)
template <return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic_reference, typename... Args>
void print(Args &&...args) {
auto c = detail::collect_arguments<policy>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
detail::print(c.args(), c.kwargs());
}
#if defined(WITH_THREAD)
/* The functions below essentially reproduce the PyGILState_* API using a RAII
* pattern, but there are a few important differences:
*
* 1. When acquiring the GIL from an non-main thread during the finalization
* phase, the GILState API blindly terminates the calling thread, which
* is often not what is wanted. This API does not do this.
*
* 2. The gil_scoped_release function can optionally cut the relationship
* of a PyThreadState and its associated thread, which allows moving it to
* another thread (this is a fairly rare/advanced use case).
*
* 3. The reference count of an acquired thread state can be controlled. This
* can be handy to prevent cases where callbacks issued from an external
* thread would otherwise constantly construct and destroy thread state data
* structures.
*
* See the Python bindings of NanoGUI (http://github.com/wjakob/nanogui) for an
* example which uses features 2 and 3 to migrate the Python thread of
* execution to another thread (to run the event loop on the original thread,
* in this case).
*/
class gil_scoped_acquire {
public:
PYBIND11_NOINLINE gil_scoped_acquire() {
auto const &internals = detail::get_internals();
tstate = (PyThreadState *) PyThread_get_key_value(internals.tstate);
if (!tstate) {
tstate = PyThreadState_New(internals.istate);
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
if (!tstate)
pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire: could not create thread state!");
#endif
tstate->gilstate_counter = 0;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
PyThread_delete_key_value(internals.tstate);
#endif
PyThread_set_key_value(internals.tstate, tstate);
} else {
release = detail::get_thread_state_unchecked() != tstate;
}
if (release) {
/* Work around an annoying assertion in PyThreadState_Swap */
#if defined(Py_DEBUG)
PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp;
tstate->interp = nullptr;
#endif
PyEval_AcquireThread(tstate);
#if defined(Py_DEBUG)
tstate->interp = interp;
#endif
}
inc_ref();
}
void inc_ref() {
++tstate->gilstate_counter;
}
PYBIND11_NOINLINE void dec_ref() {
--tstate->gilstate_counter;
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
if (detail::get_thread_state_unchecked() != tstate)
pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire::dec_ref(): thread state must be current!");
if (tstate->gilstate_counter < 0)
pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire::dec_ref(): reference count underflow!");
#endif
if (tstate->gilstate_counter == 0) {
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
if (!release)
pybind11_fail("scoped_acquire::dec_ref(): internal error!");
#endif
PyThreadState_Clear(tstate);
PyThreadState_DeleteCurrent();
PyThread_delete_key_value(detail::get_internals().tstate);
release = false;
}
}
PYBIND11_NOINLINE ~gil_scoped_acquire() {
dec_ref();
if (release)
PyEval_SaveThread();
}
private:
PyThreadState *tstate = nullptr;
bool release = true;
};
class gil_scoped_release {
public:
explicit gil_scoped_release(bool disassoc = false) : disassoc(disassoc) {
tstate = PyEval_SaveThread();
if (disassoc) {
auto key = detail::get_internals().tstate;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
PyThread_delete_key_value(key);
#else
PyThread_set_key_value(key, nullptr);
#endif
}
}
~gil_scoped_release() {
if (!tstate)
return;
PyEval_RestoreThread(tstate);
if (disassoc) {
auto key = detail::get_internals().tstate;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
PyThread_delete_key_value(key);
#endif
PyThread_set_key_value(key, tstate);
}
}
private:
PyThreadState *tstate;
bool disassoc;
};
#else
class gil_scoped_acquire { };
class gil_scoped_release { };
#endif
error_already_set::~error_already_set() {
if (value) {
gil_scoped_acquire gil;
PyErr_Restore(type, value, trace);
PyErr_Clear();
}
}
inline function get_type_overload(const void *this_ptr, const detail::type_info *this_type, const char *name) {
handle py_object = detail::get_object_handle(this_ptr, this_type);
if (!py_object)
return function();
handle type = py_object.get_type();
auto key = std::make_pair(type.ptr(), name);
/* Cache functions that aren't overloaded in Python to avoid
many costly Python dictionary lookups below */
auto &cache = detail::get_internals().inactive_overload_cache;
if (cache.find(key) != cache.end())
return function();
function overload = getattr(py_object, name, function());
if (overload.is_cpp_function()) {
cache.insert(key);
return function();
}
/* Don't call dispatch code if invoked from overridden function */
PyFrameObject *frame = PyThreadState_Get()->frame;
if (frame && (std::string) str(frame->f_code->co_name) == name &&
frame->f_code->co_argcount > 0) {
PyFrame_FastToLocals(frame);
PyObject *self_caller = PyDict_GetItem(
frame->f_locals, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(frame->f_code->co_varnames, 0));
if (self_caller == py_object.ptr())
return function();
}
return overload;
}
template <class T> function get_overload(const T *this_ptr, const char *name) {
auto tinfo = detail::get_type_info(typeid(T));
return tinfo ? get_type_overload(this_ptr, tinfo, name) : function();
}
#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(ret_type, cname, name, ...) { \
pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire gil; \
pybind11::function overload = pybind11::get_overload(static_cast<const cname *>(this), name); \
if (overload) { \
auto o = overload(__VA_ARGS__); \
if (pybind11::detail::cast_is_temporary_value_reference<ret_type>::value) { \
static pybind11::detail::overload_caster_t<ret_type> caster; \
return pybind11::detail::cast_ref<ret_type>(std::move(o), caster); \
} \
else return pybind11::detail::cast_safe<ret_type>(std::move(o)); \
} \
}
#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(ret_type, cname, name, __VA_ARGS__) \
return cname::fn(__VA_ARGS__)
#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME(ret_type, cname, name, fn, ...) \
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT(ret_type, cname, name, __VA_ARGS__) \
pybind11::pybind11_fail("Tried to call pure virtual function \"" #cname "::" name "\"");
#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_NAME(ret_type, cname, #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__)
#define PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE(ret_type, cname, fn, ...) \
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_PURE_NAME(ret_type, cname, #fn, fn, __VA_ARGS__)
NAMESPACE_END(pybind11)
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
# pragma warning(pop)
#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
/* Leave ignored warnings on */
#elif defined(__GNUG__) && !defined(__clang__)
# pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
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