pybind11/include/pybind/cast.h

/*
    pybind/cast.h: Partial template specializations to cast between
    C++ and Python types

    Copyright (c) 2015 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel@inf.ethz.ch>

    All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
    BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/

#pragma once

#include <pybind/pytypes.h>
#include <pybind/typeid.h>
#include <array>
#include <limits>

NAMESPACE_BEGIN(pybind)
NAMESPACE_BEGIN(detail)

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#define NOINLINE __declspec(noinline)
#else
#define NOINLINE __attribute__ ((noinline))
#endif

/** Linked list descriptor type for function signatures (produces smaller binaries
    compared to a previous solution using std::string and operator +=) */
class descr {
public:
    struct entry {
        const std::type_info *type = nullptr;
        const char *str = nullptr;
        entry *next = nullptr;
        entry(const std::type_info *type) : type(type) { }
        entry(const char *str) : str(str) { }
    };

    descr() { }
    descr(descr &&d) : first(d.first), last(d.last) { d.first = d.last = nullptr; }
    NOINLINE descr(const char *str) { first = last = new entry { str }; }
    NOINLINE descr(const std::type_info &type) { first = last = new entry { &type }; }

    NOINLINE void operator+(const char *str) {
        entry *next = new entry { str };
        last->next = next;
        last = next;
    }

    NOINLINE void operator+(const std::type_info *type) {
        entry *next = new entry { type };
        last->next = next;
        last = next;
    }

    NOINLINE void operator+=(descr &&other) {
        last->next = other.first;
        while (last->next)
            last = last->next;
        other.first = other.last = nullptr;
    }

    NOINLINE friend descr operator+(descr &&l, descr &&r) {
        descr result(std::move(l));
        result += std::move(r);
        return result;
    }

    NOINLINE std::string str() const {
        std::string result;
        auto const& registered_types = get_internals().registered_types;
        for (entry *it = first; it != nullptr; it = it->next) {
            if (it->type) {
                auto it2 = registered_types.find(it->type);
                if (it2 != registered_types.end()) {
                    result += it2->second.type->tp_name;
                } else {
                    std::string tname(it->type->name());
                    detail::clean_type_id(tname);
                    result += tname;
                }
            } else {
                result += it->str;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    NOINLINE ~descr() {
        while (first) {
            entry *tmp = first->next;
            delete first;
            first = tmp;
        }
    }

    entry *first = nullptr;
    entry *last = nullptr;
};

#undef NOINLINE

/// Generic type caster for objects stored on the heap
template <typename type> class type_caster {
public:
    typedef instance<type> instance_type;

    static descr name() { return typeid(type); }

    type_caster() {
        auto const& registered_types = get_internals().registered_types;
        auto it = registered_types.find(&typeid(type));
        if (it != registered_types.end())
            typeinfo = &it->second;
    }

    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
        if (src == nullptr || typeinfo == nullptr)
            return false;
        if (PyType_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(src), typeinfo->type)) {
            value = ((instance_type *) src)->value;
            return true;
        }
        if (convert) {
            for (auto &converter : typeinfo->implicit_conversions) {
                temp = object(converter(src, typeinfo->type), false);
                if (load(temp.ptr(), false))
                    return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
        if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
            policy = return_value_policy::copy;
        return cast(&src, policy, parent);
    }

    static PyObject *cast(const type *_src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
        type *src = const_cast<type *>(_src);
        if (src == nullptr) {
            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
            return Py_None;
        }
        // avoid an issue with internal references matching their parent's address
        bool dont_cache = policy == return_value_policy::reference_internal &&
                          parent && ((instance<void> *) parent)->value == (void *) src;
        auto& internals = get_internals();
        auto it_instance = internals.registered_instances.find(src);
        if (it_instance != internals.registered_instances.end() && !dont_cache) {
            PyObject *inst = it_instance->second;
            Py_INCREF(inst);
            return inst;
        }
        auto it = internals.registered_types.find(&typeid(type));
        if (it == internals.registered_types.end()) {
            std::string msg = std::string("Unregistered type : ") + type_id<type>();
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg.c_str());
            return nullptr;
        }
        auto &type_info = it->second;
        instance_type *inst = (instance_type *) PyType_GenericAlloc(type_info.type, 0);
        inst->value = src;
        inst->owned = true;
        inst->parent = nullptr;
        if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
            policy = return_value_policy::take_ownership;
        handle_return_value_policy<type>(inst, policy, parent);
        PyObject *inst_pyobj = (PyObject *) inst;
        type_info.init_holder(inst_pyobj);
        if (!dont_cache)
            internals.registered_instances[inst->value] = inst_pyobj;
        return inst_pyobj;
    }

    template <class T, typename std::enable_if<std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
    static void handle_return_value_policy(instance<T> *inst, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
        if (policy == return_value_policy::copy) {
            inst->value = new T(*(inst->value));
        } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference) {
            inst->owned = false;
        } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference_internal) {
            inst->owned = false;
            inst->parent = parent;
            Py_XINCREF(parent);
        }
    }

    template <class T, typename std::enable_if<!std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
    static void handle_return_value_policy(instance<T> *inst, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
        if (policy == return_value_policy::copy) {
            throw cast_error("return_value_policy = copy, but the object is non-copyable!");
        } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference) {
            inst->owned = false;
        } else if (policy == return_value_policy::reference_internal) {
            inst->owned = false;
            inst->parent = parent;
            Py_XINCREF(parent);
        }
    }

    operator type*() { return value; }
    operator type&() { return *value; }
protected:
    type *value = nullptr;
    const type_info *typeinfo = nullptr;
    object temp;
};

#define PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER(type, py_name) \
    protected: \
        type value; \
    public: \
        static descr name() { return py_name; } \
        static PyObject *cast(const type *src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) { \
            return cast(*src, policy, parent); \
        } \
        operator type*() { return &value; } \
        operator type&() { return value; } \

#define PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(type, py_type, from_type, to_pytype) \
    template <> class type_caster<type> { \
    public: \
        bool load(PyObject *src, bool) { \
            py_type py_value = from_type(src); \
            if ((py_value == (py_type) -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) || \
                (std::numeric_limits<type>::is_integer && \
                 sizeof(py_type) != sizeof(type) && \
                 (py_value < (py_type) std::numeric_limits<type>::min() || \
                  py_value > (py_type) std::numeric_limits<type>::max()))) { \
                PyErr_Clear(); \
                return false; \
            } \
            value = (type) py_value; \
            return true; \
        } \
        static PyObject *cast(type src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) { \
            return to_pytype((py_type) src); \
        } \
        PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER(type, #type); \
    };

#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
#define PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong_Fixed PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong
#define PyLong_AsLongLong_Fixed PyLong_AsLongLong
#else
inline PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsLongLong_Fixed(PyObject *o) {
    if (PyInt_Check(o))
        return (PY_LONG_LONG) PyLong_AsLong(o);
    else
        return ::PyLong_AsLongLong(o);
}

inline unsigned PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong_Fixed(PyObject *o) {
    if (PyInt_Check(o))
        return (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(o);
    else
        return ::PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(o);
}
#endif

PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(int8_t, long, PyLong_AsLong, PyLong_FromLong)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(uint8_t, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong, PyLong_FromUnsignedLong)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(int16_t, long, PyLong_AsLong, PyLong_FromLong)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(uint16_t, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong, PyLong_FromUnsignedLong)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(int32_t, long, PyLong_AsLong, PyLong_FromLong)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(uint32_t, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong, PyLong_FromUnsignedLong)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(int64_t, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong_Fixed, PyLong_FromLongLong)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(uint64_t, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong_Fixed, PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong)

#if defined(__APPLE__) // size_t/ssize_t are separate types on Mac OS X
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(ssize_t, Py_ssize_t, PyLong_AsSsize_t, PyLong_FromSsize_t)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(size_t, size_t, PyLong_AsSize_t, PyLong_FromSize_t)
#else
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(ssize_t, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong_Fixed, PyLong_FromLongLong)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(size_t, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong_Fixed, PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong)
#endif
#endif

PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(float, double, PyFloat_AsDouble, PyFloat_FromDouble)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_NUMBER(double, double, PyFloat_AsDouble, PyFloat_FromDouble)

template <> class type_caster<void_type> {
public:
    bool load(PyObject *, bool) { return true; }
    static PyObject *cast(void_type, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
    PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER(void_type, "None");
};

template <> class type_caster<bool> {
public:
    bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
        if (src == Py_True) { value = true; return true; }
        else if (src == Py_False) { value = false; return true; }
        else return false;
    }
    static PyObject *cast(bool src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
        PyObject *result = src ? Py_True : Py_False;
        Py_INCREF(result);
        return result;
    }
    PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER(bool, "bool");
};

template <> class type_caster<std::string> {
public:
    bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
        const char *ptr = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(src);
#else
        const char *ptr = nullptr;
        object temp;
        if (PyString_Check(src)) {
            ptr = PyString_AsString(src);
        } else {
            temp = object(PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(src), false);
            if (temp.ptr() != nullptr)
                ptr = PyString_AsString(temp.ptr());
        }
#endif
        if (!ptr) { PyErr_Clear(); return false; }
        value = std::string(ptr);
        return true;
    }
    static PyObject *cast(const std::string &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
        return PyUnicode_FromString(src.c_str());
    }
    PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER(std::string, "str");
};

#ifdef HAVE_WCHAR_H
template <> class type_caster<std::wstring> {
public:
    bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
        const wchar_t *ptr = PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(src, nullptr);
#else
        object temp(PyUnicode_AsUTF16String(src), false);
        if (temp.ptr() == nullptr)
            return false;
        const wchar_t *ptr = (wchar_t*) PyString_AsString(temp.ptr());
#endif

        if (!ptr) { PyErr_Clear(); return false; }
        value = std::wstring(ptr);
        return true;
    }
    static PyObject *cast(const std::wstring &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
        return PyUnicode_FromWideChar(src.c_str(), src.length());
#else
        return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16((const char *) src.c_str(), src.length() * 2, "strict", nullptr);
#endif
    }
    PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER(std::wstring, "wstr");
};
#endif

template <> class type_caster<char> {
public:
    bool load(PyObject *src, bool) {
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
        char *ptr = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(src);
#else
        temp = object(PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(src), false);
        if (temp.ptr() == nullptr)
            return false;
        char *ptr = PyString_AsString(temp.ptr());
#endif
        if (!ptr) { PyErr_Clear(); return false; }
        value = ptr;
        return true;
    }

    static PyObject *cast(const char *src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
        return PyUnicode_FromString(src);
    }

    static PyObject *cast(char src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
        char str[2] = { src, '\0' };
        return PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(str, 1, nullptr);
    }

    static descr name() { return "str"; }

    operator char*() { return value; }
    operator char() { return *value; }
protected:
    char *value;
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
    object temp;
#endif
};

template <typename T1, typename T2> class type_caster<std::pair<T1, T2>> {
    typedef std::pair<T1, T2> type;
public:
    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
        if (!PyTuple_Check(src) || PyTuple_Size(src) != 2)
            return false;
        if (!first.load(PyTuple_GetItem(src, 0), convert))
            return false;
        return second.load(PyTuple_GetItem(src, 1), convert);
    }

    static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
        PyObject *o1 = type_caster<typename decay<T1>::type>::cast(src.first, policy, parent);
        PyObject *o2 = type_caster<typename decay<T2>::type>::cast(src.second, policy, parent);
        if (!o1 || !o2) {
            Py_XDECREF(o1);
            Py_XDECREF(o2);
            return nullptr;
        }
        PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(2);
        PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, 0, o1);
        PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, 1, o2);
        return tuple;
    }

    static descr name() {
        class descr result("(");
        result += std::move(type_caster<typename decay<T1>::type>::name());
        result += ", ";
        result += std::move(type_caster<typename decay<T2>::type>::name());
        result += ")";
        return result;
    }

    operator type() {
        return type(first, second);
    }
protected:
    type_caster<typename decay<T1>::type> first;
    type_caster<typename decay<T2>::type> second;
};

template <typename... Tuple> class type_caster<std::tuple<Tuple...>> {
    typedef std::tuple<Tuple...> type;
public:
    enum { size = sizeof...(Tuple) };

    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
        return load(src, convert, typename make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Tuple)>::type());
    }

    static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent) {
        return cast(src, policy, parent, typename make_index_sequence<size>::type());
    }

    static descr name(const char **keywords = nullptr, const char **values = nullptr) {
        std::array<class descr, size> names {{
            type_caster<typename decay<Tuple>::type>::name()...
        }};
        class descr result("(");
        for (int i=0; i<size; ++i) {
            if (keywords && keywords[i]) {
                result += keywords[i];
                result += " : ";
            }
            result += std::move(names[i]);
            if (values && values[i]) {
                result += " = ";
                result += values[i];
            }
            if (i+1 < size)
                result += ", ";
        }
        result += ")";
        return result;
    }

    template <typename ReturnValue, typename Func> typename std::enable_if<!std::is_void<ReturnValue>::value, ReturnValue>::type call(Func &&f) {
        return call<ReturnValue>(std::forward<Func>(f), typename make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Tuple)>::type());
    }

    template <typename ReturnValue, typename Func> typename std::enable_if<std::is_void<ReturnValue>::value, void_type>::type call(Func &&f) {
        call<ReturnValue>(std::forward<Func>(f), typename make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Tuple)>::type());
        return void_type();
    }

    operator type() {
        return cast(typename make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Tuple)>::type());
    }

protected:
    template <typename ReturnValue, typename Func, size_t ... Index> ReturnValue call(Func &&f, index_sequence<Index...>) {
        return f((Tuple) std::get<Index>(value)...);
    }

    template <size_t ... Index> type cast(index_sequence<Index...>) {
        return type((Tuple) std::get<Index>(value)...);
    }

    template <size_t ... Indices> bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert, index_sequence<Indices...>) {
        if (!PyTuple_Check(src))
            return false;
        if (PyTuple_Size(src) != size)
            return false;
        std::array<bool, size> results {{
            (PyTuple_GET_ITEM(src, Indices) != nullptr ? std::get<Indices>(value).load(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(src, Indices), convert) : false)...
        }};
        (void) convert; /* avoid a warning when the tuple is empty */
        for (bool r : results)
            if (!r)
                return false;
        return true;
    }

    /* Implementation: Convert a C++ tuple into a Python tuple */
    template <size_t ... Indices> static PyObject *cast(const type &src, return_value_policy policy, PyObject *parent, index_sequence<Indices...>) {
        std::array<PyObject *, size> results {{
            type_caster<typename decay<Tuple>::type>::cast(std::get<Indices>(src), policy, parent)...
        }};
        bool success = true;
        for (auto result : results)
            if (result == nullptr)
                success = false;
        if (success) {
            PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(size);
            int counter = 0;
            for (auto result : results)
                PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, counter++, result);
            return tuple;
        } else {
            for (auto result : results) {
                Py_XDECREF(result);
            }
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

protected:
    std::tuple<type_caster<typename decay<Tuple>::type>...> value;
};

/// Type caster for holder types like std::shared_ptr, etc.
template <typename type, typename holder_type> class type_caster_holder : public type_caster<type> {
public:
    typedef type_caster<type> parent;
    bool load(PyObject *src, bool convert) {
        if (!parent::load(src, convert))
            return false;
        holder = holder_type(parent::value);
        return true;
    }
    explicit operator type*() { return this->value; }
    explicit operator type&() { return *(this->value); }
    explicit operator holder_type&() { return holder; }
    explicit operator holder_type*() { return &holder; }
protected:
    holder_type holder;
};

template <> class type_caster<handle> {
public:
    bool load(PyObject *src) {
        value = handle(src);
        return true;
    }
    static PyObject *cast(const handle &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) {
        src.inc_ref();
        return (PyObject *) src.ptr();
    }
    PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER(handle, "handle");
};

#define PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(name) \
    template <> class type_caster<name> { \
    public: \
        bool load(PyObject *src, bool) { value = name(src, true); return true; } \
        static PyObject *cast(const name &src, return_value_policy /* policy */, PyObject * /* parent */) { \
            src.inc_ref(); return (PyObject *) src.ptr(); \
        } \
        PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER(name, #name); \
    };

PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(object)  PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(buffer)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(capsule) PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(dict)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(float_)  PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(int_)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(list)    PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(slice)
PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(tuple)   PYBIND_TYPE_CASTER_PYTYPE(function)

NAMESPACE_END(detail)

template <typename T> inline T cast(PyObject *object) {
    detail::type_caster<typename detail::decay<T>::type> conv;
    if (!conv.load(object, true))
        throw cast_error("Unable to cast Python object to C++ type");
    return conv;
}

template <typename T> inline object cast(const T &value, return_value_policy policy = return_value_policy::automatic, PyObject *parent = nullptr) {
    if (policy == return_value_policy::automatic)
        policy = std::is_pointer<T>::value ? return_value_policy::take_ownership : return_value_policy::copy;
    return object(detail::type_caster<typename detail::decay<T>::type>::cast(value, policy, parent), false);
}

template <typename T> inline T handle::cast() { return pybind::cast<T>(m_ptr); }

template <typename... Args> inline object handle::call(Args&&... args_) {
    const size_t size = sizeof...(Args);
    std::array<PyObject *, size> args{
        { detail::type_caster<typename detail::decay<Args>::type>::cast(
            std::forward<Args>(args_), return_value_policy::automatic, nullptr)... }
    };
    bool fail = false;
    for (auto result : args)
        if (result == nullptr)
            fail = true;
    if (fail) {
        for (auto result : args) {
            Py_XDECREF(result);
        }
        throw cast_error("handle::call(): unable to convert input arguments to Python objects");
    }
    PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(size);
    int counter = 0;
    for (auto result : args)
        PyTuple_SetItem(tuple, counter++, result);
    PyObject *result = PyObject_CallObject(m_ptr, tuple);
    Py_DECREF(tuple);
    return object(result, false);
}

NAMESPACE_END(pybind)