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* Added guards to the includes Added new CI config Added new trigger Changed CI workflow name Debug CI Debug CI Debug CI Debug CI Added flags fro PGI Disable Eigen Removed tests that fail Uncomment lines * fix: missing include fix: minor style cleanup tests: support skipping ci: remove and tighten a bit fix: try msvc workaround for pgic * tests: split up prealoc tests * fix: PGI compiler fix * fix: PGI void_t only * fix: try to appease nvcc * ci: better ordering for slow tests * ci: minor improvements to testing * ci: Add NumPy to testing * ci: Eigen generates CUDA warnings / PGI errors * Added CentOS7 back for a moment * Fix YAML * ci: runs-on missing * centos7 is missing pytest * ci: use C++11 on CentOS 7 * ci: test something else * Try just adding flags on CentOS 7 * fix: CentOS 7 * refactor: move include to shared location * Added verbose flag * Try to use system cmake3 on CI * Try to use system cmake3 on CI, attempt2 * Try to use system cmake3 on CI, attempt3 * tests: not finding pytest should be a warning, not a fatal error * tests: cleanup * Weird issue? * fix: final polish Co-authored-by: Andrii Verbytskyi <andrii.verbytskyi@mpp.mpg.de> Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Andrii Verbytskyi <averbyts@cern.ch>
146 lines
6.2 KiB
Markdown
146 lines
6.2 KiB
Markdown
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# pybind11 — Seamless operability between C++11 and Python
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[](http://pybind11.readthedocs.org/en/master/?badge=master)
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[](http://pybind11.readthedocs.org/en/stable/?badge=stable)
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[](https://gitter.im/pybind/Lobby)
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[](https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/actions)
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[](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/wjakob/pybind11)
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**pybind11** is a lightweight header-only library that exposes C++ types in
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Python and vice versa, mainly to create Python bindings of existing C++ code.
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Its goals and syntax are similar to the excellent [Boost.Python][] library by
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David Abrahams: to minimize boilerplate code in traditional extension modules
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by inferring type information using compile-time introspection.
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The main issue with Boost.Python—and the reason for creating such a similar
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project—is Boost. Boost is an enormously large and complex suite of utility
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libraries that works with almost every C++ compiler in existence. This
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compatibility has its cost: arcane template tricks and workarounds are
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necessary to support the oldest and buggiest of compiler specimens. Now that
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C++11-compatible compilers are widely available, this heavy machinery has
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become an excessively large and unnecessary dependency.
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Think of this library as a tiny self-contained version of Boost.Python with
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everything stripped away that isn't relevant for binding generation. Without
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comments, the core header files only require ~4K lines of code and depend on
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Python (2.7 or 3.5+, or PyPy) and the C++ standard library. This compact
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implementation was possible thanks to some of the new C++11 language features
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(specifically: tuples, lambda functions and variadic templates). Since its
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creation, this library has grown beyond Boost.Python in many ways, leading to
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dramatically simpler binding code in many common situations.
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Tutorial and reference documentation is provided at
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[pybind11.readthedocs.org][]. A PDF version of the manual is available
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[here][docs-pdf].
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## Core features
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pybind11 can map the following core C++ features to Python:
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- Functions accepting and returning custom data structures per value, reference, or pointer
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- Instance methods and static methods
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- Overloaded functions
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- Instance attributes and static attributes
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- Arbitrary exception types
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- Enumerations
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- Callbacks
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- Iterators and ranges
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- Custom operators
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- Single and multiple inheritance
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- STL data structures
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- Smart pointers with reference counting like `std::shared_ptr`
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- Internal references with correct reference counting
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- C++ classes with virtual (and pure virtual) methods can be extended in Python
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## Goodies
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In addition to the core functionality, pybind11 provides some extra goodies:
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- Python 2.7, 3.5+, and PyPy (tested on 7.3) are supported with an implementation-agnostic
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interface.
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- It is possible to bind C++11 lambda functions with captured variables. The
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lambda capture data is stored inside the resulting Python function object.
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- pybind11 uses C++11 move constructors and move assignment operators whenever
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possible to efficiently transfer custom data types.
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- It's easy to expose the internal storage of custom data types through
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Pythons' buffer protocols. This is handy e.g. for fast conversion between
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C++ matrix classes like Eigen and NumPy without expensive copy operations.
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- pybind11 can automatically vectorize functions so that they are transparently
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applied to all entries of one or more NumPy array arguments.
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- Python's slice-based access and assignment operations can be supported with
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just a few lines of code.
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- Everything is contained in just a few header files; there is no need to link
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against any additional libraries.
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- Binaries are generally smaller by a factor of at least 2 compared to
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equivalent bindings generated by Boost.Python. A recent pybind11 conversion
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of PyRosetta, an enormous Boost.Python binding project,
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[reported][pyrosetta-report] a binary size reduction of **5.4x** and compile
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time reduction by **5.8x**.
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- Function signatures are precomputed at compile time (using `constexpr`),
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leading to smaller binaries.
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- With little extra effort, C++ types can be pickled and unpickled similar to
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regular Python objects.
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## Supported compilers
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1. Clang/LLVM 3.3 or newer (for Apple Xcode's clang, this is 5.0.0 or newer)
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2. GCC 4.8 or newer
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3. Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 or newer
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4. Intel C++ compiler 17 or newer (16 with pybind11 v2.0 and 15 with pybind11
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v2.0 and a [workaround][intel-15-workaround])
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5. Cygwin/GCC (tested on 2.5.1)
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6. NVCC (CUDA 11 tested)
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7. NVIDIA PGI (20.7 tested)
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## About
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This project was created by [Wenzel Jakob](http://rgl.epfl.ch/people/wjakob).
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Significant features and/or improvements to the code were contributed by
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Jonas Adler,
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Lori A. Burns,
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Sylvain Corlay,
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Trent Houliston,
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Axel Huebl,
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@hulucc,
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Sergey Lyskov
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Johan Mabille,
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Tomasz Miąsko,
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Dean Moldovan,
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Ben Pritchard,
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Jason Rhinelander,
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Boris Schäling,
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Pim Schellart,
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Henry Schreiner,
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Ivan Smirnov, and
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Patrick Stewart.
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### Contributing
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See the [contributing guide][] for information on building and contributing to
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pybind11.
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### License
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pybind11 is provided under a BSD-style license that can be found in the
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[`LICENSE`][] file. By using, distributing, or contributing to this project,
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you agree to the terms and conditions of this license.
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[pybind11.readthedocs.org]: http://pybind11.readthedocs.org/en/master
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[docs-pdf]: https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/pybind11/master/pybind11.pdf
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[Boost.Python]: http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_58_0/libs/python/doc/
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[pyrosetta-report]: http://graylab.jhu.edu/RosettaCon2016/PyRosetta-4.pdf
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[contributing guide]: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
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[`LICENSE`]: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/master/LICENSE
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[intel-15-workaround]: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/276
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