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pybind11/README.rst
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 723307283e
feat: remove Python 3.7 support (#5191) 
* First pass updating misc files, informed by https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/5177/commits

* Remove jobs using silkeh/clang and gcc docker containers that come with Python 3.7

* Add silkeh/clang:17-bookworm

* Add job using GCC 7

* Revert "Add job using GCC 7"

This reverts commit 518515a761.

* Try running in ubuntu-18.04 container under ubuntu-latest (to get GCC 7)

* Fix `-` vs `:` mixup.

* This reverts commit b1c4304475.

Revert "Try running in ubuntu:18.04 container under ubuntu-latest (to get GCC 7)"

This reverts commit b203a294bb.

* `git grep 0x03080000` cleanup.

* `git grep -I -E '3\.7'` cleanup.

Removes two changes made under pybind/pybind11#3702

* Revert "`git grep -I -E '3\.7'` cleanup."

This reverts commit bb5b9d187b.

* Remove comments that are evidently incorrect:

```
...
-- The CXX compiler identification is Clang 15.0.7
...
- Found Python: /usr/bin/python3.9 (found suitable version "3.9.2", minimum required is "3.7") found components: Interpreter Development.Module Development.Embed
...
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/gil.h:150:13: error: 'auto key' can be declared as 'auto *key' [readability-qualified-auto,-warnings-as-errors]
            auto key = internals.tstate;
            ^~~~~
            auto *
/__w/pybind11/pybind11/include/pybind11/gil.h:174:13: error: 'auto key' can be declared as 'auto *key' [readability-qualified-auto,-warnings-as-errors]
            auto key = detail::get_internals().tstate;
            ^~~~~
            auto *
```

* .github/workflows/configure.yml: Change from Python 3.7 to 3.8

* Misc cleanup pass

* Miscellaneous changes based on manual review of the `git grep` matches below:

```
git_grep_37_38.sh |& sort | uniq -c
```

With git_grep_37_38.sh:

```
set -x
git grep 0x0307
git grep 0x0308
git grep PY_MINOR_VERSION
git grep PYPY_VERSION
git grep -I -E '3\.7'
git grep -I -E '3\.8'
git grep -I -E '\(3, 7'
git grep -I -E '\(3, 8'
git grep -I -E '3[^A-Za-z0-9.]+7'
git grep -I -E '3[^A-Za-z0-9.]+8'
```

Output:

```
      1 .appveyor.yml:    $env:CMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH = "eigen-3.3.7;$env:CMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH"
      1 .appveyor.yml:    7z x eigen-3.3.7.zip -y > $null
      1 .appveyor.yml:    Start-FileDownload 'https://gitlab.com/libeigen/eigen/-/archive/3.3.7/eigen-3.3.7.zip'
      1 CMakeLists.txt:    # Bug in macOS CMake < 3.7 is unable to download catch
      1 CMakeLists.txt:  elseif(WINDOWS AND CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.8)
      1 CMakeLists.txt:  if(OSX AND CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.7)
      1 CMakeLists.txt:    message(WARNING "CMAKE 3.7+ needed on macOS to download catch, and newer HIGHLY recommended")
      1 CMakeLists.txt:    message(WARNING "CMAKE 3.8+ tested on Windows, previous versions untested")
      1 CMakeLists.txt:    # Only tested with 3.8+ in CI.
      1 docs/advanced/functions.rst:Python 3.8 introduced a new positional-only argument syntax, using ``/`` in the
      1 docs/changelog.rst:* Adapt pybind11 to a C API convention change in Python 3.8. `#1950
      1 docs/changelog.rst:* Allow thread termination to be avoided during shutdown for CPython 3.7+ via
      1 docs/changelog.rst:  considered as conversion, consistent with Python 3.8+.
      1 docs/changelog.rst:  CPython 3.8 and 3.9 debug builds.
      1 docs/changelog.rst:* Enum now has an ``__index__`` method on Python <3.8 too.
      1 docs/changelog.rst:  on Python 3.8. `#1780 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/1780>`_.
      1 docs/changelog.rst:* PyPy 3.10 support was added, PyPy 3.7 support was dropped.
      2 docs/changelog.rst:* Support PyPy 7.3.7 and the PyPy3.8 beta. Test python-3.11 on PRs with the
      1 docs/changelog.rst:* Use ``macos-13`` (Intel) for CI jobs for now (will drop Python 3.7 soon).
      1 docs/changelog.rst:* Use new Python 3.7 Thread Specific Storage (TSS) implementation if available.
      1 docs/compiling.rst:    cmake -DPYBIND11_PYTHON_VERSION=3.8 ..
      1 docs/compiling.rst:    find_package(Python 3.8 COMPONENTS Interpreter Development REQUIRED)
      1 docs/limitations.rst:- PyPy3 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 have issues with several tests on 32-bit Windows.
      1 docs/requirements.txt:idna==3.7 \
      1 + git grep 0x0307
      1 + git grep 0x0308
      1 + git grep -I -E '\(3, 7'
      1 + git grep -I -E '3\.7'
      1 + git grep -I -E '\(3, 8'
      1 + git grep -I -E '3\.8'
      1 + git grep -I -E '3[^A-Za-z0-9.]+7'
      1 + git grep -I -E '3[^A-Za-z0-9.]+8'
      1 + git grep PY_MINOR_VERSION
      1 + git grep PYPY_VERSION
      2 .github/workflows/ci.yml:        - '3.8'
      1 .github/workflows/ci.yml:        - 3.8
      1 .github/workflows/ci.yml:    - name: Add Python 3.8
      1 .github/workflows/ci.yml:        - 'pypy-3.8'
      2 .github/workflows/ci.yml:            python: '3.8'
      1 .github/workflows/ci.yml:          - python: '3.8'
      1 .github/workflows/ci.yml:          - python: 3.8
      1 .github/workflows/ci.yml:            python: 'pypy-3.8'
      1 .github/workflows/configure.yml:          cmake: "3.8"
      1 .github/workflows/configure.yml:    name: 🐍 3.8 • CMake ${{ matrix.cmake }} • ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
      1 .github/workflows/configure.yml:    - name: Setup Python 3.8
      1 .github/workflows/configure.yml:        python-version: 3.8
      1 .github/workflows/pip.yml:    name: 🐍 3.8 • 📦 & 📦 tests • ubuntu-latest
      1 .github/workflows/pip.yml:    name: 🐍 3.8 • 📦 tests • windows-latest
      2 .github/workflows/pip.yml:    - name: Setup 🐍 3.8
      2 .github/workflows/pip.yml:        python-version: 3.8
      2 include/pybind11/cast.h:#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      2 include/pybind11/cast.h:#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      2 include/pybind11/cast.h:            // PyPy: 7.3.7's 3.8 does not implement PyLong_*'s __index__ calls.
      5 include/pybind11/detail/class.h:#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 include/pybind11/detail/class.h:#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 include/pybind11/detail/class.h:    // This was not needed before Python 3.8 (Python issue 35810)
      1 include/pybind11/detail/common.h:    && !defined(PYPY_VERSION) && !defined(PYBIND11_ASSERT_GIL_HELD_INCREF_DECREF)
      2 include/pybind11/detail/common.h:#    error "PYTHON < 3.8 IS UNSUPPORTED. pybind11 v2.13 was the last to support Python 3.7."
      1 include/pybind11/detail/common.h:#if defined(PYPY_VERSION) && !defined(PYBIND11_SIMPLE_GIL_MANAGEMENT)
      1 include/pybind11/detail/common.h:#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000
      1 include/pybind11/detail/common.h:            = PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PY_MAJOR_VERSION) "." PYBIND11_TOSTRING(PY_MINOR_VERSION);        \
      1 include/pybind11/detail/internals.h:        // called. PYBIND11_TLS_FREE is PyThread_tss_free on python 3.7+. On older python, it does
      1 include/pybind11/detail/internals.h:#if PYBIND11_INTERNALS_VERSION <= 4 || defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 include/pybind11/detail/internals.h:// The old Python Thread Local Storage (TLS) API is deprecated in Python 3.7 in favor of the new
      1 include/pybind11/detail/type_caster_base.h:#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 include/pybind11/embed.h:#    define PYBIND11_PYCONFIG_SUPPORT_PY_VERSION_HEX (0x03080000)
      1 include/pybind11/embed.h:#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 include/pybind11/eval.h:    // globals if not yet present.  Python 3.8 made PyRun_String behave
      2 include/pybind11/eval.h:#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      2 include/pybind11/eval.h:    // was missing from PyPy3.8 7.3.7.
      2 include/pybind11/gil.h:    /// allowed during shutdown. Check _Py_IsFinalizing() on Python 3.7+, and
      1 include/pybind11/pybind11.h:#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      4 include/pybind11/pybind11.h:#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) && PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION == 9
      1 include/pybind11/pytypes.h:#endif //! defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      2 include/pybind11/pytypes.h:#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 include/pybind11/pytypes.h:#    if defined(PYPY_VERSION_NUM) && PYPY_VERSION_NUM < 0x07030a00
      1 include/pybind11/pytypes.h:#ifdef PYPY_VERSION
      1 include/pybind11/stl/filesystem.h:#    if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      2 pybind11/__init__.py:if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
      2 pybind11/__init__.py:    msg = "pybind11 does not support Python < 3.8. v2.13 was the last release supporting Python 3.7."
      1 pyproject.toml:master.py-version = "3.8"
      1 pyproject.toml:python_version = "3.8"
      1 README.rst:lines of code and depend on Python (3.8+, or PyPy) and the C++
      2 README.rst:- Python 3.8+, and PyPy3 7.3 are supported with an implementation-agnostic
      1 setup.cfg:    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
      1 setup.cfg:python_requires = >=3.8
      1 setup.py:# TODO: use literals & overload (typing extensions or Python 3.8)
      1 tests/CMakeLists.txt:if(NOT CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.8)
      2 tests/constructor_stats.h:#if defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 tests/env.py:    doesn't work on CPython 3.8.0 with pytest==3.3.2 on Ubuntu 18.04 (#2922).
      1 tests/requirements.txt:build~=1.0; python_version>="3.8"
      1 tests/requirements.txt:numpy~=1.21.5; platform_python_implementation!="PyPy" and python_version>="3.8" and python_version<"3.10"
      1 tests/requirements.txt:numpy~=1.23.0; python_version=="3.8" and platform_python_implementation=="PyPy"
      1 tests/test_buffers.py:    env.PYPY, reason="PyPy 7.3.7 doesn't clear this anymore", strict=False
      1 tests/test_builtin_casters.py:    # Before Python 3.8, `PyLong_AsLong` does not pick up on `obj.__index__`,
      2 tests/test_builtin_casters.py:    if (3, 8) <= sys.version_info < (3, 10) and env.CPYTHON:
      4 tests/test_builtin_casters.py:    # TODO: PyPy 3.8 does not behave like CPython 3.8 here yet (7.3.7)
      1 tests/test_callbacks.py:    assert m.test_callback3(z.double) == "func(43) = 86"
      2 tests/test_call_policies.cpp:#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 tests/test_chrono.py:    diff = m.test_chrono_float_diff(43.789012, 1.123456)
      1 tests/test_constants_and_functions.py:    assert m.f3(86) == 89
      1 tests/test_eigen_matrix.py:    a_copy3[8, 1] = 11
      1 tests/test_eigen_matrix.py:    assert np.all(cornersc == np.array([[1.0, 3], [7, 9]]))
      1 tests/test_eigen_matrix.py:    assert np.all(cornersr == np.array([[1.0, 3], [7, 9]]))
      1 tests/test_eigen_matrix.py:        mymat = chol(np.array([[1.0, 2, 4], [2, 13, 23], [4, 23, 77]]))
      1 tests/test_exceptions.py:    if hasattr(pytest, unraisable):  # Python >= 3.8 and pytest >= 6
      2 tests/test_exceptions.py:@pytest.mark.xfail(env.PYPY, reason="Failure on PyPy 3.8 (7.3.7)", strict=False)
      1 tests/test_factory_constructors.py:    assert [i.alive() for i in cstats] == [13, 7]
      1 tests/test_kwargs_and_defaults.cpp:#ifdef PYPY_VERSION
      1 tests/test_local_bindings.py:    assert i1.get3() == 8
      1 tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp:#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 tests/test_numpy_array.py:    a = np.arange(3 * 7 * 2) + 1
      1 tests/test_numpy_array.py:    assert str(excinfo.value) == "cannot reshape array of size 42 into shape (3,7,1)"
      2 tests/test_numpy_array.py:    assert x.shape == (3, 7, 2)
      2 tests/test_numpy_array.py:        m.reshape_tuple(a, (3, 7, 1))
      2 tests/test_numpy_array.py:    x = m.reshape_tuple(a, (3, 7, 2))
      1 tests/test_numpy_vectorize.py:    assert np.isclose(m.vectorized_func3(np.array(3 + 7j)), [6 + 14j])
      1 tests/test_pickling.cpp:#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 tests/test_pytypes.cpp:#if (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__clang__)) || defined(PYPY_VERSION)
      1 tests/test_smart_ptr.cpp:    m.def("make_myobject3_1", []() { return new MyObject3(8); });
      1 tests/test_smart_ptr.py:    assert cstats.values() == ["MyObject3[9]", "MyObject3[8]", "MyObject3[9]"]
      1 tests/test_stl_binders.py:    assert v_int2 == m.VectorInt([0, 99, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 88])
      1 tests/test_stl_binders.py:    assert v_int2 == m.VectorInt([0, 99, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 88, 4])
      1 tests/test_type_caster_pyobject_ptr.cpp:#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION) // It is not worth the trouble doing something special for PyPy.
      1 tools/FindPythonLibsNew.cmake:  set(PythonLibsNew_FIND_VERSION "3.8")
      1 tools/JoinPaths.cmake:# https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/os.path.html#os.path.join
      1 tools/pybind11NewTools.cmake:    Python 3.8 REQUIRED COMPONENTS ${_pybind11_interp_component} ${_pybind11_dev_component}
      1 tools/pybind11NewTools.cmake:# Python debug libraries expose slightly different objects before 3.8
      1 tools/pybind11Tools.cmake:    "3.12;3.11;3.10;3.9;3.8"
      1 tools/pybind11Tools.cmake:    if(NOT DEFINED PYPY_VERSION)
      1 tools/pybind11Tools.cmake:    message(STATUS "PYPY ${PYPY_VERSION} (Py ${PYTHON_VERSION})")
      1 tools/pybind11Tools.cmake:# Python debug libraries expose slightly different objects before 3.8
      1 tools/pybind11Tools.cmake:      set(PYPY_VERSION
```

* Change `[tool.ruff]` `target-version` to `"py38"`, as suggested by @Skylion007
2024-07-30 09:18:35 -07:00

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.. figure:: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/raw/master/docs/pybind11-logo.png
:alt: pybind11 logo
**pybind11 — Seamless operability between C++11 and Python**
|Latest Documentation Status| |Stable Documentation Status| |Gitter chat| |GitHub Discussions| |CI| |Build status|
|Repology| |PyPI package| |Conda-forge| |Python Versions|
`Setuptools example <https://github.com/pybind/python_example>`_
• `Scikit-build example <https://github.com/pybind/scikit_build_example>`_
• `CMake example <https://github.com/pybind/cmake_example>`_
.. start
**pybind11** is a lightweight header-only library that exposes C++ types
in Python and vice versa, mainly to create Python bindings of existing
C++ code. Its goals and syntax are similar to the excellent
`Boost.Python <http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_58_0/libs/python/doc/>`_
library by David Abrahams: to minimize boilerplate code in traditional
extension modules by inferring type information using compile-time
introspection.
The main issue with Boost.Python—and the reason for creating such a
similar project—is Boost. Boost is an enormously large and complex suite
of utility libraries that works with almost every C++ compiler in
existence. This compatibility has its cost: arcane template tricks and
workarounds are necessary to support the oldest and buggiest of compiler
specimens. Now that C++11-compatible compilers are widely available,
this heavy machinery has become an excessively large and unnecessary
dependency.
Think of this library as a tiny self-contained version of Boost.Python
with everything stripped away that isn't relevant for binding
generation. Without comments, the core header files only require ~4K
lines of code and depend on Python (3.8+, or PyPy) and the C++
standard library. This compact implementation was possible thanks to
some C++11 language features (specifically: tuples, lambda functions and
variadic templates). Since its creation, this library has grown beyond
Boost.Python in many ways, leading to dramatically simpler binding code in many
common situations.
Tutorial and reference documentation is provided at
`pybind11.readthedocs.io <https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/latest>`_.
A PDF version of the manual is available
`here <https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/_/downloads/en/latest/pdf/>`_.
And the source code is always available at
`github.com/pybind/pybind11 <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11>`_.
Core features
-------------
pybind11 can map the following core C++ features to Python:
- Functions accepting and returning custom data structures per value,
reference, or pointer
- Instance methods and static methods
- Overloaded functions
- Instance attributes and static attributes
- Arbitrary exception types
- Enumerations
- Callbacks
- Iterators and ranges
- Custom operators
- Single and multiple inheritance
- STL data structures
- Smart pointers with reference counting like ``std::shared_ptr``
- Internal references with correct reference counting
- C++ classes with virtual (and pure virtual) methods can be extended
in Python
- Integrated NumPy support (NumPy 2 requires pybind11 2.12+)
Goodies
-------
In addition to the core functionality, pybind11 provides some extra
goodies:
- Python 3.8+, and PyPy3 7.3 are supported with an implementation-agnostic
interface (pybind11 2.9 was the last version to support Python 2 and 3.5).
- It is possible to bind C++11 lambda functions with captured
variables. The lambda capture data is stored inside the resulting
Python function object.
- pybind11 uses C++11 move constructors and move assignment operators
whenever possible to efficiently transfer custom data types.
- It's easy to expose the internal storage of custom data types through
Pythons' buffer protocols. This is handy e.g. for fast conversion
between C++ matrix classes like Eigen and NumPy without expensive
copy operations.
- pybind11 can automatically vectorize functions so that they are
transparently applied to all entries of one or more NumPy array
arguments.
- Python's slice-based access and assignment operations can be
supported with just a few lines of code.
- Everything is contained in just a few header files; there is no need
to link against any additional libraries.
- Binaries are generally smaller by a factor of at least 2 compared to
equivalent bindings generated by Boost.Python. A recent pybind11
conversion of PyRosetta, an enormous Boost.Python binding project,
`reported <https://graylab.jhu.edu/Sergey/2016.RosettaCon/PyRosetta-4.pdf>`_
a binary size reduction of **5.4x** and compile time reduction by
**5.8x**.
- Function signatures are precomputed at compile time (using
``constexpr``), leading to smaller binaries.
- With little extra effort, C++ types can be pickled and unpickled
similar to regular Python objects.
Supported compilers
-------------------
1. Clang/LLVM 3.3 or newer (for Apple Xcode's clang, this is 5.0.0 or
newer)
2. GCC 4.8 or newer
3. Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 or newer
4. Intel classic C++ compiler 18 or newer (ICC 20.2 tested in CI)
5. Cygwin/GCC (previously tested on 2.5.1)
6. NVCC (CUDA 11.0 tested in CI)
7. NVIDIA PGI (20.9 tested in CI)
About
-----
This project was created by `Wenzel
Jakob <http://rgl.epfl.ch/people/wjakob>`_. Significant features and/or
improvements to the code were contributed by Jonas Adler, Lori A. Burns,
Sylvain Corlay, Eric Cousineau, Aaron Gokaslan, Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve, Trent Houliston, Axel
Huebl, @hulucc, Yannick Jadoul, Sergey Lyskov, Johan Mabille, Tomasz Miąsko,
Dean Moldovan, Ben Pritchard, Jason Rhinelander, Boris Schäling, Pim
Schellart, Henry Schreiner, Ivan Smirnov, Boris Staletic, and Patrick Stewart.
We thank Google for a generous financial contribution to the continuous
integration infrastructure used by this project.
Contributing
~~~~~~~~~~~~
See the `contributing
guide <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md>`_
for information on building and contributing to pybind11.
License
~~~~~~~
pybind11 is provided under a BSD-style license that can be found in the
`LICENSE <https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/blob/master/LICENSE>`_
file. By using, distributing, or contributing to this project, you agree
to the terms and conditions of this license.
.. |Latest Documentation Status| image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/pybind11/badge?version=latest
:target: http://pybind11.readthedocs.org/en/latest
.. |Stable Documentation Status| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-stable-blue.svg
:target: http://pybind11.readthedocs.org/en/stable
.. |Gitter chat| image:: https://img.shields.io/gitter/room/gitterHQ/gitter.svg
:target: https://gitter.im/pybind/Lobby
.. |CI| image:: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/workflows/CI/badge.svg
:target: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/actions
.. |Build status| image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/riaj54pn4h08xy40?svg=true
:target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/wjakob/pybind11
.. |PyPI package| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pybind11.svg
:target: https://pypi.org/project/pybind11/
.. |Conda-forge| image:: https://img.shields.io/conda/vn/conda-forge/pybind11.svg
:target: https://github.com/conda-forge/pybind11-feedstock
.. |Repology| image:: https://repology.org/badge/latest-versions/python:pybind11.svg
:target: https://repology.org/project/python:pybind11/versions
.. |Python Versions| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pybind11.svg
:target: https://pypi.org/project/pybind11/
.. |GitHub Discussions| image:: https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=Discussions&message=Ask&color=blue&logo=github
:target: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/discussions
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