feat: 添加基于稀疏表的区间最值查询功能

实现一个使用稀疏表数据结构的算法，用于高效查询区间最大值和最小值
包含预处理阶段构建稀疏表和查询阶段处理多个区间查询

src/9/6/libre10123.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <istream>
+#include <vector>
+using ll = int64_t;
+
+
+
+int main(){
+    std::iostream::sync_with_stdio(false);
+    std::cin.tie(nullptr);
+    ll n,q;
+    std::cin>>n>>q;
+    std::vector<ll> lg(n+1);
+    for(ll i=2;i<=n;i++){
+        lg[i]=lg[i/2]+1;
+        // printf("lg2[%lld]=%lld\n",i,lg[i]);
+    }
+    std::vector<std::vector<ll>> bmax(n+1,std::vector<ll>(lg[n]+1)),bmin(n+1,std::vector<ll>(lg[n]+1));
+    for(ll i=1;i<=n;i++){
+        std::cin>>bmax[i][0];
+        bmin[i][0]=bmax[i][0];
+    }
+    for(ll j=1;j<=lg[n];j++){
+        for(ll i=1;i+(1ll<<(j-1))<=n;i++){
+            bmax[i][j]=std::max(
+                bmax[i][j-1],
+                bmax[i+(1ll<<(j-1))][j-1]
+            );
+            bmin[i][j]=std::min(
+                bmin[i][j-1],
+                bmin[i+(1ll<<(j-1))][j-1]
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    while(q--){
+        ll l,r;
+        std::cin>>l>>r;
+        ll range=r-l+1;
+        ll max = std::max(bmax[l][lg[range]],bmax[r-(1ll<<(lg[range]))+1][lg[range]]);
+        ll min = std::min(bmin[l][lg[range]],bmin[r-(1ll<<(lg[range]))+1][lg[range]]);
+        // printf("max=%lld, min=%lld\n",max,min);
+        std::cout<<max-min<<"\n";
+    }
+}