Issue #633 suggests people might be tempted to copy the test scripts
self-binding code, but that's a bad idea for pretty much anything other
than a test suite with self-contained test code.
This commit adds a comment as such with a reference to the
documentation that tells people how to do it instead.
* Minor doc syntax fix
The numpy documentation had a bad :file: reference (was using double
backticks instead of single backticks).
* Changed long-outdated "example" -> "tests" wording
The ConstructorStats internal docs still had "from example import", and
the main testing cpp file still used "example" in the module
description.
This commit rewrites the function dispatcher code to support mixing
regular arguments with py::args/py::kwargs arguments. It also
simplifies the argument loader noticeably as it no longer has to worry
about args/kwargs: all of that is now sorted out in the dispatcher,
which now simply appends a tuple/dict if the function takes
py::args/py::kwargs, then passes all the arguments in a vector.
When the argument loader hit a py::args or py::kwargs, it doesn't do
anything special: it just calls the appropriate type_caster just like it
does for any other argument (thus removing the previous special cases
for args/kwargs).
Switching to passing arguments in a single std::vector instead of a pair
of tuples also makes things simpler, both in the dispatch and the
argument_loader: since this argument list is strictly pybind-internal
(i.e. it never goes to Python) we have no particular reason to use a
Python tuple here.
Some (intentional) restrictions:
- you may not bind a function that has args/kwargs somewhere other than
the end (this somewhat matches Python, and keeps the dispatch code a
little cleaner by being able to not worry about where to inject the
args/kwargs in the argument list).
- If you specify an argument both positionally and via a keyword
argument, you get a TypeError alerting you to this (as you do in
Python).
* Abstract away some holder functionality (resolve#585)
Custom holder types which don't have `.get()` can select the correct
function to call by specializing `holder_traits`.
* Add support for move-only holders (fix#605)
* Clarify PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE documentation
The current documentation and example reads as though
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE is a declarative macro along the same lines as
PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE, but it isn't. The changes the
documentation and docs example to make it clear that you need to "call"
the macro.
* Add satisfies_{all,any,none}_of<T, Preds>
`satisfies_all_of<T, Pred1, Pred2, Pred3>` is a nice legibility-enhanced
shortcut for `is_all<Pred1<T>, Pred2<T>, Pred3<T>>`.
* Give better error message for non-POD dtype attempts
If you try to use a non-POD data type, you get difficult-to-interpret
compilation errors (about ::name() not being a member of an internal
pybind11 struct, among others), for which isn't at all obvious what the
problem is.
This adds a static_assert for such cases.
It also changes the base case from an empty struct to the is_pod_struct
case by no longer using `enable_if<is_pod_struct>` but instead using a
static_assert: thus specializations avoid the base class, POD types
work, and non-POD types (and unimplemented POD types like std::array)
get a more informative static_assert failure.
* Prefix macros with PYBIND11_
numpy.h uses unprefixed macros, which seems undesirable. This prefixes
them with PYBIND11_ to match all the other macros in numpy.h (and
elsewhere).
* Add long double support
This adds long double and std::complex<long double> support for numpy
arrays.
This allows some simplification of the code used to generate format
descriptors; the new code uses fewer macros, instead putting the code as
different templated options; the template conditions end up simpler with
this because we are now supporting all basic C++ arithmetic types (and
so can use is_arithmetic instead of is_integral + multiple
different specializations).
In addition to testing that it is indeed working in the test script, it
also adds various offset and size calculations there, which
fixes the test failures under x86 compilations.
On a debian jessie machine, running 'python --version --noconftest' caused
pytest to try and run the test suite with the not-yet-compiled extension
module, thus failing the test. This commit chages the pytest detection
so that it only attempts to run an import statement.
* Fixed a regression that was introduced in the PyPy patch: use ht_qualname_meta instead of ht_qualname to fix PyHeapTypeObject->ht_qualname field.
* Added a qualname/repr test that works in both Python 3.3+ and previous versions
Add a BUILD_INTERFACE and a pybind11::pybind11 alias for the interface
library to match the installed target.
Add new cmake tests for add_subdirectory and consolidates the
.cpp and .py files needed for the cmake build tests:
Before:
tests
|-- test_installed_module
| |-- CMakeLists.txt
| |-- main.cpp
| \-- test.py
\-- test_installed_target
|-- CMakeLists.txt
|-- main.cpp
\-- test.py
After:
tests
\-- test_cmake_build
|-- installed_module/CMakeLists.txt
|-- installed_target/CMakeLists.txt
|-- subdirectory_module/CMakeLists.txt
|-- subdirectory_target/CMakeLists.txt
|-- main.cpp
\-- test.py
This commit includes modifications that are needed to get pybind11 to work with PyPy. The full test suite compiles and runs except for a last few functions that are commented out (due to problems in PyPy that were reported on the PyPy bugtracker).
Two somewhat intrusive changes were needed to make it possible: two new tags ``py::buffer_protocol()`` and ``py::metaclass()`` must now be specified to the ``class_`` constructor if the class uses the buffer protocol and/or requires a metaclass (e.g. for static properties).
Note that this is only for the PyPy version based on Python 2.7 for now. When the PyPy 3.x has caught up in terms of cpyext compliance, a PyPy 3.x patch will follow.
This replaces the current `all_of_t<Pred, Ts...>` with `all_of<Ts...>`,
with previous use of `all_of_t<Pred, Ts...>` becoming
`all_of<Pred<Ts>...>` (and similarly for `any_of_t`). It also adds a
`none_of<Ts...>`, a shortcut for `negation<any_of<Ts...>>`.
This allows `all_of` and `any_of` to be used a bit more flexible, e.g.
in cases where several predicates need to be tested for the same type
instead of the same predicate for multiple types.
This commit replaces the implementation with a more efficient version
for non-MSVC. For MSVC, this changes the workaround to use the
built-in, recursive std::conjunction/std::disjunction instead.
This also removes the `count_t` since `any_of_t` and `all_of_t` were the
only things using it.
This commit also rearranges some of the future std imports to use actual
`std` implementations for C++14/17 features when under the appropriate
compiler mode, as we were already doing for a few things (like
index_sequence). Most of these aren't saving much (the implementation
for enable_if_t, for example, is trivial), but I think it makes the
intention of the code instantly clear. It also enables MSVC's native
std::index_sequence support.
When compiling in C++17 mode the noexcept specifier is part of the
function type. This causes a failure in pybind11 because, by omitting
a noexcept specifier when deducing function return and argument types,
we are implicitly making `noexcept(false)` part of the type.
This means that functions with `noexcept` fail to match the function
templates in cpp_function (and other places), and we get compilation
failure (we end up trying to fit it into the lambda function version,
which fails since a function pointer has no `operator()`).
We can, however, deduce the true/false `B` in noexcept(B), so we don't
need to add a whole other set of overloads, but need to deduce the extra
argument when under C++17. That will *not* work under pre-C++17,
however.
This commit adds two macros to fix the problem: under C++17 (with the
appropriate feature macro set) they provide an extra `bool NoExceptions`
template argument and provide the `noexcept(NoExceptions)` deduced
specifier. Under pre-C++17 they expand to nothing.
This is needed to compile pybind11 with gcc7 under -std=c++17.
gcc 7 has both std::experimental::optional and std::optional, but this
breaks the test compilation as we are trying to use the same `opt_int`
type alias for both.
This adds automatic casting when assigning to python types like dict,
list, and attributes. Instead of:
dict["key"] = py::cast(val);
m.attr("foo") = py::cast(true);
list.append(py::cast(42));
you can now simply write:
dict["key"] = val;
m.attr("foo") = true;
list.append(42);
Casts needing extra parameters (e.g. for a non-default rvp) still
require the py::cast() call. set::add() is also supported.
All usage is channeled through a SFINAE implementation which either just returns or casts.
Combined non-converting handle and autocasting template methods via a
helper method that either just returns (handle) or casts (C++ type).
* Added ternary support with descr args
Current the `_<bool>(a, b)` ternary support only works for `char[]` `a`
and `b`; this commit allows it to work for `descr` `a` and `b` arguments
as well.
* Add support for std::valarray to stl.h
This abstracts the std::array into a `array_caster` which can then be
used with either std::array or std::valarray, the main difference being
that std::valarray is resizable. (It also lets the array_caster be
potentially used for other std::array-like interfaces, much as the
list_caster and map_caster currently provide).
* Small stl.h cleanups
- Remove redundant `type` typedefs
- make internal list_caster methods private
stl casters were using a value cast to (Value) or (Key), but that isn't
always appropriate. This changes it to use the appropriate value
converter's cast_op_type.
A flake8 configuration is included in setup.cfg and the checks are
executed automatically on Travis:
* Ensures a consistent PEP8 code style
* Does basic linting to prevent possible bugs
Fixes#509.
The move policy was already set for rvalues in PR #473, but this only
applied to directly cast user-defined types. The problem is that STL
containers cast values indirectly and the rvalue information is lost.
Therefore the move policy was not set correctly. This commit fixes it.
This also makes an additional adjustment to remove the `copy` policy
exception: rvalues now always use the `move` policy. This is also safe
for copy-only rvalues because the `move` policy has an internal fallback
to copying.
Following commit 90d278, the object code generated by the python
bindings of nanogui (github.com/wjakob/nanogui) went up by a whopping
12%. It turns out that that project has quite a few enums where we don't
really care about arithmetic operators.
This commit thus partially reverts the effects of #503 by introducing
an additional attribute py::arithmetic() that must be specified if the
arithmetic operators are desired.
* `array_t(const object &)` now throws on error
* `array_t::ensure()` is intended for casters —- old constructor is
deprecated
* `array` and `array_t` get default constructors (empty array)
* `array` gets a converting constructor
* `py::isinstance<array_T<T>>()` checks the type (but not flags)
There is only one special thing which must remain: `array_t` gets
its own `type_caster` specialization which uses `ensure` instead
of a simple check.
* Deprecate the `py::object::str()` member function since `py::str(obj)`
is now equivalent and preferred
* Make `py::repr()` a free function
* Make sure obj.cast<T>() works as expected when T is a Python type
`obj.cast<T>()` should be the same as `T(obj)`, i.e. it should convert
the given object to a different Python type. However, `obj.cast<T>()`
usually calls `type_caster::load()` which only checks the type without
doing any actual conversion. That causes a very unexpected `cast_error`.
This commit makes it so that `obj.cast<T>()` and `T(obj)` are the same
when T is a Python type.
* Simplify pytypes converting constructor implementation
It's not necessary to maintain a full set of converting constructors
and assignment operators + const& and &&. A single converting const&
constructor will work and there is no impact on binary size. On the
other hand, the conversion functions can be significantly simplified.
Allows checking the Python types before creating an object instead of
after. For example:
```c++
auto l = list(ptr, true);
if (l.check())
// ...
```
The above is replaced with:
```c++
if (isinstance<list>(ptr)) {
auto l = reinterpret_borrow(ptr);
// ...
}
```
This deprecates `py::object::check()`. `py::isinstance()` covers the
same use case, but it can also check for user-defined types:
```c++
class Pet { ... };
py::class_<Pet>(...);
m.def("is_pet", [](py::object obj) {
return py::isinstance<Pet>(obj); // works as expected
});
```
This commit includes the following changes:
* Don't provide make_copy_constructor for non-copyable container
make_copy_constructor currently fails for various stl containers (e.g.
std::vector, std::unordered_map, std::deque, etc.) when the container's
value type (e.g. the "T" or the std::pair<K,T> for a map) is
non-copyable. This adds an override that, for types that look like
containers, also requires that the value_type be copyable.
* stl_bind.h: make bind_{vector,map} work for non-copy-constructible types
Most stl_bind modifiers require copying, so if the type isn't copy
constructible, we provide a read-only interface instead.
In practice, this means that if the type is non-copyable, it will be,
for all intents and purposes, read-only from the Python side (but
currently it simply fails to compile with such a container).
It is still possible for the caller to provide an interface manually
(by defining methods on the returned class_ object), but this isn't
something stl_bind can handle because the C++ code to construct values
is going to be highly dependent on the container value_type.
* stl_bind: copy only for arithmetic value types
For non-primitive types, we may well be copying some complex type, when
returning by reference is more appropriate. This commit returns by
internal reference for all but basic arithmetic types.
* Return by reference whenever possible
Only if we definitely can't--i.e. std::vector<bool>--because v[i]
returns something that isn't a T& do we copy; for everything else, we
return by reference.
For the map case, we can always return by reference (at least for the
default stl map/unordered_map).
When working on some particular feature, it's nice to be able to disable
all the tests except for the one I'm working on; this is currently
possible by editing tests/CMakeLists.txt, and commenting out the tests
you don't want.
This commit goes a step further by letting you give a list of tests you
do want when invoking cmake, e.g.:
cmake -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE="test_issues.cpp;test_pickling.cpp" ..
changes the build to build just those two tests (and changes the `pytest`
target to invoke just the two associated tests).
This persists in the build directory until you disable it again by
running cmake with `-DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE=`. It also adds a message
after the pytest output to remind you that it is in effect:
Note: not all tests run: -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE is in effect
If we need to initialize a holder around an unowned instance, and the
holder type is non-copyable (i.e. a unique_ptr), we currently construct
the holder type around the value pointer, but then never actually
destruct the holder: the holder destructor is called only for the
instance that actually has `inst->owned = true` set.
This seems no pointer, however, in creating such a holder around an
unowned instance: we never actually intend to use anything that the
unique_ptr gives us: and, in fact, do not want the unique_ptr (because
if it ever actually got destroyed, it would cause destruction of the
wrapped pointer, despite the fact that that wrapped pointer isn't
owned).
This commit changes the logic to only create a unique_ptr holder if we
actually own the instance, and to destruct via the constructed holder
whenever we have a constructed holder--which will now only be the case
for owned-unique-holder or shared-holder types.
Other changes include:
* Added test for non-movable holder constructor/destructor counts
The three alive assertions now pass, before #478 they fail with counts
of 2/2/1 respectively, because of the unique_ptr that we don't want and
don't destroy (because we don't *want* its destructor to run).
* Return cstats reference; fix ConstructStats doc
Small cleanup to the #478 test code, and fix to the ConstructStats
documentation (the static method definition should use `reference` not
`reference_internal`).
* Rename inst->constructed to inst->holder_constructed
This makes it clearer exactly what it's referring to.
* Add debugging info about so size to build output
This adds a small python script to tools that captures before-and-after
.so sizes between builds and outputs this in the build output via a
string such as:
------ pybind11_tests.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so file size: 924696 (decrease of 73680 bytes = 7.38%)
------ pybind11_tests.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so file size: 998376 (increase of 73680 bytes = 7.97%)
------ pybind11_tests.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so file size: 998376 (no change)
Or, if there was no .so during the build, just the .so size by itself:
------ pybind11_tests.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so file size: 998376
This allows you to, for example, build, checkout a different branch,
rebuild, and easily see exactly the change in the pybind11_tests.so
size.
It also allows looking at the travis and appveyor build logs to get an
idea of .so/.dll sizes across different build systems.
* Minor libsize.py script changes
- Use RAII open
- Remove unused libsize=-1
- Report change as [+-]xyz bytes = [+-]a.bc%
* Add type caster for std::experimental::optional
* Add tests for std::experimental::optional
* Support both <optional> / <experimental/optional>
* Mention std{::experimental,}::optional in the docs
* Make reference(_internal) the default return value policy for properties
Before this, all `def_property*` functions used `automatic` as their
default return value policy. This commit makes it so that:
* Non-static properties use `reference_interal` by default, thus
matching `def_readonly` and `def_readwrite`.
* Static properties use `reference` by default, thus matching
`def_readonly_static` and `def_readwrite_static`.
In case `cpp_function` is passed to any `def_property*`, its policy will
be used instead of any defaults. User-defined arguments in `extras`
still have top priority and will override both the default policies and
the ones from `cpp_function`.
Resolves#436.
* Almost always use return_value_policy::move for rvalues
For functions which return rvalues or rvalue references, the only viable
return value policies are `copy` and `move`. `reference(_internal)` and
`take_ownership` would take the address of a temporary which is always
an error.
This commit prevents possible user errors by overriding the bad rvalue
policies with `move`. Besides `move`, only `copy` is allowed, and only
if it's explicitly selected by the user.
This is also a necessary safety feature to support the new default
return value policies for properties: `reference(_internal)`.
The current integer caster was unnecessarily strict and rejected
various kinds of NumPy integer types when calling C++ functions
expecting normal integers. This relaxes the current behavior.
Currently pybind11 doesn't check when you define a new object (e.g. a
class, function, or exception) that overwrites an existing one. If the
thing being overwritten is a class, this leads to a segfault (because
pybind still thinks the type is defined, even though Python no longer
has the type). In other cases this is harmless (e.g. replacing a
function with an exception), but even in that case it's most likely a
bug.
This code doesn't prevent you from actively doing something harmful,
like deliberately overwriting a previous definition, but detects
overwriting with a run-time error if it occurs in the standard
class/function/exception/def registration interfaces.
All of the additions are in non-template code; the result is actually a
tiny decrease in .so size compared to master without the new test code
(977304 to 977272 bytes), and about 4K higher with the new tests.
With this there is no more need for manual user declarations like
`PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, std::shared_ptr<T>)`. Existing ones
will still compile without error -- they will just be ignored silently.
Resolves#446.
This patch adds an extra base handle parameter to most ``py::array`` and
``py::array_t<>`` constructors. If specified along with a pointer to
data, the base object will be registered within NumPy, which increases
the base's reference count. This feature is useful to create shallow
copies of C++ or Python arrays while ensuring that the owners of the
underlying can't be garbage collected while referenced by NumPy.
The commit also adds a simple test function involving a ``wrap()``
function that creates shallow copies of various N-D arrays.
`auto var = l[0]` has a strange quirk: `var` is actually an accessor and
not an object, so any later assignment of `var = ...` would modify l[0]
instead of `var`. This is surprising compared to the non-auto assignment
`py::object var = l[0]; var = ...`.
By overloading `operator=` on lvalue/rvalue, the expected behavior is
restored even for `auto` variables.
This also adds the `hasattr` and `getattr` functions which are needed
with the new attribute behavior. The new functions behave exactly like
their Python counterparts.
Similarly `object` gets a `contains` method which calls `__contains__`,
i.e. it's the same as the `in` keyword in Python.
The custom exception handling added in PR #273 is robust, but is overly
complex for declaring the most common simple C++ -> Python exception
mapping that needs only to copy `what()`. This add a simpler
`py::register_exception<CppExp>(module, "PyExp");` function that greatly
simplifies the common basic case of translation of a simple CppException
into a simple PythonException, while not removing the more advanced
capabilities of defining custom exception handlers.
The current inheritance testing isn't sufficient to detect a cache
failure; the test added here breaks PR #390, which caches the
run-time-determined return type the first time a function is called,
then reuses that cached type even though the run-time type could be
different for a future call.
This adds a static local variable (in dead code unless actually needed)
in the overload code that is used for storage if the overload is for
some convert-by-value type (such as numeric values or std::string).
This has limitations (as written up in the advanced doc), but is better
than simply not being able to overload reference or pointer methods.
