* Make string conversion stricter
The string conversion logic added in PR #624 for all std::basic_strings
was derived from the old std::wstring logic, but that was underused and
turns out to have had a bug in accepting almost anything convertible to
unicode, while the previous std::string logic was much stricter. This
restores the previous std::string logic by only allowing actual unicode
or string types.
Fixes#685.
* Added missing 'requires numpy' decorator
(I forgot that the change to a global decorator here is in the
not-yet-merged Eigen PR)
Now that only one shared metaclass is ever allocated, it's extremely
cheap to enable it for all pybind11 types.
* Deprecate the default py::metaclass() since it's not needed anymore.
* Allow users to specify a custom metaclass via py::metaclass(handle).
In order to fully satisfy Python's inheritance type layout requirements,
all types should have a common 'solid' base. A solid base is one which
has the same instance size as the derived type (not counting the space
required for the optional `dict_ptr` and `weakrefs_ptr`). Thus, `object`
does not qualify as a solid base for pybind11 types and this can lead to
issues with multiple inheritance.
To get around this, new base types are created: one per unique instance
size. There is going to be very few of these bases. They ensure Python's
MRO checks will pass when multiple bases are involved.
Instead of creating a new unique metaclass for each type, the builtin
`property` type is subclassed to support static properties. The new
setter/getters always pass types instead of instances in their `self`
argument. A metaclass is still required to support this behavior, but
it doesn't store any data anymore, so a new one doesn't need to be
created for each class. There is now only one common metaclass which
is shared by all pybind11 types.
* Fixed compilation error when defining function accepting some forms of std::function.
The compilation error happens only when the functional.h header is
present, and the build is done in debug mode, with NDEBUG being
undefined. In addition, the std::function must accept an abstract
base class by reference.
The compilation error occurred in cast.h, when trying to construct a
std::tuple<AbstractBase>, rather than a std::tuple<AbstractBase&>.
This was caused by functional.h using std::move rather than
std::forward, changing the signature of the function being used.
This commit contains the fix, along with a test that exhibits the
issue when compiled in debug mode without the fix applied.
* Moved new std::function tests into test_callbacks, added callback_with_movable test.
* Propagate unicode conversion failure
If returning a std::string with invalid utf-8 data, we currently fail
with an uninformative TypeError instead of propagating the
UnicodeDecodeError that Python sets on failure.
* Add support for u16/u32strings and literals
This adds support for wchar{16,32}_t character literals and the
associated std::u{16,32}string types. It also folds the
character/string conversion into a single type_caster template, since
the type casters for string and wstring were mostly the same anyway.
* Added too-long and too-big character conversion errors
With this commit, when casting to a single character, as opposed to a
C-style string, we make sure the input wasn't a multi-character string
or a single character with codepoint too large for the character type.
This also changes the character cast op to CharT instead of CharT& (we
need to be able to return a temporary decoded char value, but also
because there's little gained by bothering with an lvalue return here).
Finally it changes the char caster to 'has-a-string-caster' instead of
'is-a-string-caster' because, with the cast_op change above, there's
nothing at all gained from inheritance. This also lets us remove the
`success` from the string caster (which was only there for the char
caster) into the char caster itself. (I also renamed it to 'none' and
inverted its value to better reflect its purpose). The None -> nullptr
loading also now takes place only under a `convert = true` load pass.
Although it's unlikely that a function taking a char also has overloads
that can take a None, it seems marginally more correct to treat it as a
conversion.
This commit simplifies the size assumptions about character sizes with
static_asserts to back them up.
Clang on linux currently fails to run cmake:
$ CC=clang CXX=clang++ cmake ..
...
-- Configuring done
CMake Error at tools/pybind11Tools.cmake:135 (target_compile_options):
Error evaluating generator expression:
$<:-flto>
Expression did not evaluate to a known generator expression
Call Stack (most recent call first):
tests/CMakeLists.txt:68 (pybind11_add_module)
But investigating this led to various other -flto detection problems;
this commit thus overhauls LTO flag detection:
- -flto needs to be passed to the linker as well
- Also compile with -fno-fat-lto-objects under GCC
- Pass the equivalent flags to MSVC
- Enable LTO flags for via generator expressions (for non-debug builds
only), so that multi-config builds (like on Windows) still work
properly. This seems reasonable, however, even on single-config
builds (and simplifies the cmake code a bit).
- clang's lto linker plugins don't accept '-Os', so replace it with
'-O3' when doing a MINSIZEREL build
- Enable trying ThinLTO by default for test suite (only affects clang)
- Match Clang$ rather than ^Clang$ because, for cmake with 3.0+
policies in effect, the compiler ID will be AppleClang on macOS.
Use PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR instead of CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR as the base of the
path to libsize.py. This fixes an error if pybind11 is being built
directly within another project.
* Fix debugging output for nameless py::arg annotations
This fixes a couple bugs with nameless py::arg() (introduced in #634)
annotations:
- the argument name was being used in debug mode without checking that
it exists (which would result in the std::string construction throwing
an exception for being invoked with a nullptr)
- the error output says "keyword arguments", but py::arg_v() can now
also be used for positional argument defaults.
- the debugging output "in function named 'blah'" was overly verbose:
changed it to just "in function 'blah'".
* Fix missing space in debug test string
* Moved tests from issues to methods_and_attributes
This changes the function dispatching code for overloaded functions into
a two-pass procedure where we first try all overloads with
`convert=false` for all arguments. If no function calls succeeds in the
first pass, we then try a second pass where we allow arguments to have
`convert=true` (unless, of course, the argument was explicitly specified
with `py::arg().noconvert()`).
For non-overloaded methods, the two-pass procedure is skipped (we just
make the overload-allowed call). The second pass is also skipped if it
would result in the same thing (i.e. where all arguments are
`.noconvert()` arguments).
This adds support for controlling the `convert` flag of arguments
through the py::arg annotation. This then allows arguments to be
flagged as non-converting, which the type_caster is able to use to
request different behaviour.
Currently, AFAICS `convert` is only used for type converters of regular
pybind11-registered types; all of the other core type_casters ignore it.
We can, however, repurpose it to control internal conversion of
converters like Eigen and `array`: most usefully to give callers a way
to disable the conversion that would otherwise occur when a
`Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::Matrix>` argument is passed a numpy array that
requires conversion (either because it has an incompatible stride or the
wrong dtype).
Specifying a noconvert looks like one of these:
m.def("f1", &f, "a"_a.noconvert() = "default"); // Named, default, noconvert
m.def("f2", &f, "a"_a.noconvert()); // Named, no default, no converting
m.def("f3", &f, py::arg().noconvert()); // Unnamed, no default, no converting
(The last part--being able to declare a py::arg without a name--is new:
previous py::arg() only accepted named keyword arguments).
Such an non-convert argument is then passed `convert = false` by the
type caster when loading the argument. Whether this has an effect is up
to the type caster itself, but as mentioned above, this would be
extremely helpful for the Eigen support to give a nicer way to specify
a "no-copy" mode than the custom wrapper in the current PR, and
moreover isn't an Eigen-specific hack.
Issue #633 suggests people might be tempted to copy the test scripts
self-binding code, but that's a bad idea for pretty much anything other
than a test suite with self-contained test code.
This commit adds a comment as such with a reference to the
documentation that tells people how to do it instead.
* Minor doc syntax fix
The numpy documentation had a bad :file: reference (was using double
backticks instead of single backticks).
* Changed long-outdated "example" -> "tests" wording
The ConstructorStats internal docs still had "from example import", and
the main testing cpp file still used "example" in the module
description.
This commit rewrites the function dispatcher code to support mixing
regular arguments with py::args/py::kwargs arguments. It also
simplifies the argument loader noticeably as it no longer has to worry
about args/kwargs: all of that is now sorted out in the dispatcher,
which now simply appends a tuple/dict if the function takes
py::args/py::kwargs, then passes all the arguments in a vector.
When the argument loader hit a py::args or py::kwargs, it doesn't do
anything special: it just calls the appropriate type_caster just like it
does for any other argument (thus removing the previous special cases
for args/kwargs).
Switching to passing arguments in a single std::vector instead of a pair
of tuples also makes things simpler, both in the dispatch and the
argument_loader: since this argument list is strictly pybind-internal
(i.e. it never goes to Python) we have no particular reason to use a
Python tuple here.
Some (intentional) restrictions:
- you may not bind a function that has args/kwargs somewhere other than
the end (this somewhat matches Python, and keeps the dispatch code a
little cleaner by being able to not worry about where to inject the
args/kwargs in the argument list).
- If you specify an argument both positionally and via a keyword
argument, you get a TypeError alerting you to this (as you do in
Python).
* Abstract away some holder functionality (resolve#585)
Custom holder types which don't have `.get()` can select the correct
function to call by specializing `holder_traits`.
* Add support for move-only holders (fix#605)
* Clarify PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE documentation
The current documentation and example reads as though
PYBIND11_NUMPY_DTYPE is a declarative macro along the same lines as
PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE, but it isn't. The changes the
documentation and docs example to make it clear that you need to "call"
the macro.
* Add satisfies_{all,any,none}_of<T, Preds>
`satisfies_all_of<T, Pred1, Pred2, Pred3>` is a nice legibility-enhanced
shortcut for `is_all<Pred1<T>, Pred2<T>, Pred3<T>>`.
* Give better error message for non-POD dtype attempts
If you try to use a non-POD data type, you get difficult-to-interpret
compilation errors (about ::name() not being a member of an internal
pybind11 struct, among others), for which isn't at all obvious what the
problem is.
This adds a static_assert for such cases.
It also changes the base case from an empty struct to the is_pod_struct
case by no longer using `enable_if<is_pod_struct>` but instead using a
static_assert: thus specializations avoid the base class, POD types
work, and non-POD types (and unimplemented POD types like std::array)
get a more informative static_assert failure.
* Prefix macros with PYBIND11_
numpy.h uses unprefixed macros, which seems undesirable. This prefixes
them with PYBIND11_ to match all the other macros in numpy.h (and
elsewhere).
* Add long double support
This adds long double and std::complex<long double> support for numpy
arrays.
This allows some simplification of the code used to generate format
descriptors; the new code uses fewer macros, instead putting the code as
different templated options; the template conditions end up simpler with
this because we are now supporting all basic C++ arithmetic types (and
so can use is_arithmetic instead of is_integral + multiple
different specializations).
In addition to testing that it is indeed working in the test script, it
also adds various offset and size calculations there, which
fixes the test failures under x86 compilations.
On a debian jessie machine, running 'python --version --noconftest' caused
pytest to try and run the test suite with the not-yet-compiled extension
module, thus failing the test. This commit chages the pytest detection
so that it only attempts to run an import statement.
* Fixed a regression that was introduced in the PyPy patch: use ht_qualname_meta instead of ht_qualname to fix PyHeapTypeObject->ht_qualname field.
* Added a qualname/repr test that works in both Python 3.3+ and previous versions
Add a BUILD_INTERFACE and a pybind11::pybind11 alias for the interface
library to match the installed target.
Add new cmake tests for add_subdirectory and consolidates the
.cpp and .py files needed for the cmake build tests:
Before:
tests
|-- test_installed_module
| |-- CMakeLists.txt
| |-- main.cpp
| \-- test.py
\-- test_installed_target
|-- CMakeLists.txt
|-- main.cpp
\-- test.py
After:
tests
\-- test_cmake_build
|-- installed_module/CMakeLists.txt
|-- installed_target/CMakeLists.txt
|-- subdirectory_module/CMakeLists.txt
|-- subdirectory_target/CMakeLists.txt
|-- main.cpp
\-- test.py
This commit includes modifications that are needed to get pybind11 to work with PyPy. The full test suite compiles and runs except for a last few functions that are commented out (due to problems in PyPy that were reported on the PyPy bugtracker).
Two somewhat intrusive changes were needed to make it possible: two new tags ``py::buffer_protocol()`` and ``py::metaclass()`` must now be specified to the ``class_`` constructor if the class uses the buffer protocol and/or requires a metaclass (e.g. for static properties).
Note that this is only for the PyPy version based on Python 2.7 for now. When the PyPy 3.x has caught up in terms of cpyext compliance, a PyPy 3.x patch will follow.
This replaces the current `all_of_t<Pred, Ts...>` with `all_of<Ts...>`,
with previous use of `all_of_t<Pred, Ts...>` becoming
`all_of<Pred<Ts>...>` (and similarly for `any_of_t`). It also adds a
`none_of<Ts...>`, a shortcut for `negation<any_of<Ts...>>`.
This allows `all_of` and `any_of` to be used a bit more flexible, e.g.
in cases where several predicates need to be tested for the same type
instead of the same predicate for multiple types.
This commit replaces the implementation with a more efficient version
for non-MSVC. For MSVC, this changes the workaround to use the
built-in, recursive std::conjunction/std::disjunction instead.
This also removes the `count_t` since `any_of_t` and `all_of_t` were the
only things using it.
This commit also rearranges some of the future std imports to use actual
`std` implementations for C++14/17 features when under the appropriate
compiler mode, as we were already doing for a few things (like
index_sequence). Most of these aren't saving much (the implementation
for enable_if_t, for example, is trivial), but I think it makes the
intention of the code instantly clear. It also enables MSVC's native
std::index_sequence support.
When compiling in C++17 mode the noexcept specifier is part of the
function type. This causes a failure in pybind11 because, by omitting
a noexcept specifier when deducing function return and argument types,
we are implicitly making `noexcept(false)` part of the type.
This means that functions with `noexcept` fail to match the function
templates in cpp_function (and other places), and we get compilation
failure (we end up trying to fit it into the lambda function version,
which fails since a function pointer has no `operator()`).
We can, however, deduce the true/false `B` in noexcept(B), so we don't
need to add a whole other set of overloads, but need to deduce the extra
argument when under C++17. That will *not* work under pre-C++17,
however.
This commit adds two macros to fix the problem: under C++17 (with the
appropriate feature macro set) they provide an extra `bool NoExceptions`
template argument and provide the `noexcept(NoExceptions)` deduced
specifier. Under pre-C++17 they expand to nothing.
This is needed to compile pybind11 with gcc7 under -std=c++17.
gcc 7 has both std::experimental::optional and std::optional, but this
breaks the test compilation as we are trying to use the same `opt_int`
type alias for both.
This adds automatic casting when assigning to python types like dict,
list, and attributes. Instead of:
dict["key"] = py::cast(val);
m.attr("foo") = py::cast(true);
list.append(py::cast(42));
you can now simply write:
dict["key"] = val;
m.attr("foo") = true;
list.append(42);
Casts needing extra parameters (e.g. for a non-default rvp) still
require the py::cast() call. set::add() is also supported.
All usage is channeled through a SFINAE implementation which either just returns or casts.
Combined non-converting handle and autocasting template methods via a
helper method that either just returns (handle) or casts (C++ type).
* Added ternary support with descr args
Current the `_<bool>(a, b)` ternary support only works for `char[]` `a`
and `b`; this commit allows it to work for `descr` `a` and `b` arguments
as well.
* Add support for std::valarray to stl.h
This abstracts the std::array into a `array_caster` which can then be
used with either std::array or std::valarray, the main difference being
that std::valarray is resizable. (It also lets the array_caster be
potentially used for other std::array-like interfaces, much as the
list_caster and map_caster currently provide).
* Small stl.h cleanups
- Remove redundant `type` typedefs
- make internal list_caster methods private
stl casters were using a value cast to (Value) or (Key), but that isn't
always appropriate. This changes it to use the appropriate value
converter's cast_op_type.
A flake8 configuration is included in setup.cfg and the checks are
executed automatically on Travis:
* Ensures a consistent PEP8 code style
* Does basic linting to prevent possible bugs
Fixes#509.
The move policy was already set for rvalues in PR #473, but this only
applied to directly cast user-defined types. The problem is that STL
containers cast values indirectly and the rvalue information is lost.
Therefore the move policy was not set correctly. This commit fixes it.
This also makes an additional adjustment to remove the `copy` policy
exception: rvalues now always use the `move` policy. This is also safe
for copy-only rvalues because the `move` policy has an internal fallback
to copying.
Following commit 90d278, the object code generated by the python
bindings of nanogui (github.com/wjakob/nanogui) went up by a whopping
12%. It turns out that that project has quite a few enums where we don't
really care about arithmetic operators.
This commit thus partially reverts the effects of #503 by introducing
an additional attribute py::arithmetic() that must be specified if the
arithmetic operators are desired.
* `array_t(const object &)` now throws on error
* `array_t::ensure()` is intended for casters —- old constructor is
deprecated
* `array` and `array_t` get default constructors (empty array)
* `array` gets a converting constructor
* `py::isinstance<array_T<T>>()` checks the type (but not flags)
There is only one special thing which must remain: `array_t` gets
its own `type_caster` specialization which uses `ensure` instead
of a simple check.
* Deprecate the `py::object::str()` member function since `py::str(obj)`
is now equivalent and preferred
* Make `py::repr()` a free function
* Make sure obj.cast<T>() works as expected when T is a Python type
`obj.cast<T>()` should be the same as `T(obj)`, i.e. it should convert
the given object to a different Python type. However, `obj.cast<T>()`
usually calls `type_caster::load()` which only checks the type without
doing any actual conversion. That causes a very unexpected `cast_error`.
This commit makes it so that `obj.cast<T>()` and `T(obj)` are the same
when T is a Python type.
* Simplify pytypes converting constructor implementation
It's not necessary to maintain a full set of converting constructors
and assignment operators + const& and &&. A single converting const&
constructor will work and there is no impact on binary size. On the
other hand, the conversion functions can be significantly simplified.
Allows checking the Python types before creating an object instead of
after. For example:
```c++
auto l = list(ptr, true);
if (l.check())
// ...
```
The above is replaced with:
```c++
if (isinstance<list>(ptr)) {
auto l = reinterpret_borrow(ptr);
// ...
}
```
This deprecates `py::object::check()`. `py::isinstance()` covers the
same use case, but it can also check for user-defined types:
```c++
class Pet { ... };
py::class_<Pet>(...);
m.def("is_pet", [](py::object obj) {
return py::isinstance<Pet>(obj); // works as expected
});
```
This commit includes the following changes:
* Don't provide make_copy_constructor for non-copyable container
make_copy_constructor currently fails for various stl containers (e.g.
std::vector, std::unordered_map, std::deque, etc.) when the container's
value type (e.g. the "T" or the std::pair<K,T> for a map) is
non-copyable. This adds an override that, for types that look like
containers, also requires that the value_type be copyable.
* stl_bind.h: make bind_{vector,map} work for non-copy-constructible types
Most stl_bind modifiers require copying, so if the type isn't copy
constructible, we provide a read-only interface instead.
In practice, this means that if the type is non-copyable, it will be,
for all intents and purposes, read-only from the Python side (but
currently it simply fails to compile with such a container).
It is still possible for the caller to provide an interface manually
(by defining methods on the returned class_ object), but this isn't
something stl_bind can handle because the C++ code to construct values
is going to be highly dependent on the container value_type.
* stl_bind: copy only for arithmetic value types
For non-primitive types, we may well be copying some complex type, when
returning by reference is more appropriate. This commit returns by
internal reference for all but basic arithmetic types.
* Return by reference whenever possible
Only if we definitely can't--i.e. std::vector<bool>--because v[i]
returns something that isn't a T& do we copy; for everything else, we
return by reference.
For the map case, we can always return by reference (at least for the
default stl map/unordered_map).
When working on some particular feature, it's nice to be able to disable
all the tests except for the one I'm working on; this is currently
possible by editing tests/CMakeLists.txt, and commenting out the tests
you don't want.
This commit goes a step further by letting you give a list of tests you
do want when invoking cmake, e.g.:
cmake -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE="test_issues.cpp;test_pickling.cpp" ..
changes the build to build just those two tests (and changes the `pytest`
target to invoke just the two associated tests).
This persists in the build directory until you disable it again by
running cmake with `-DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE=`. It also adds a message
after the pytest output to remind you that it is in effect:
Note: not all tests run: -DPYBIND11_TEST_OVERRIDE is in effect
If we need to initialize a holder around an unowned instance, and the
holder type is non-copyable (i.e. a unique_ptr), we currently construct
the holder type around the value pointer, but then never actually
destruct the holder: the holder destructor is called only for the
instance that actually has `inst->owned = true` set.
This seems no pointer, however, in creating such a holder around an
unowned instance: we never actually intend to use anything that the
unique_ptr gives us: and, in fact, do not want the unique_ptr (because
if it ever actually got destroyed, it would cause destruction of the
wrapped pointer, despite the fact that that wrapped pointer isn't
owned).
This commit changes the logic to only create a unique_ptr holder if we
actually own the instance, and to destruct via the constructed holder
whenever we have a constructed holder--which will now only be the case
for owned-unique-holder or shared-holder types.
Other changes include:
* Added test for non-movable holder constructor/destructor counts
The three alive assertions now pass, before #478 they fail with counts
of 2/2/1 respectively, because of the unique_ptr that we don't want and
don't destroy (because we don't *want* its destructor to run).
* Return cstats reference; fix ConstructStats doc
Small cleanup to the #478 test code, and fix to the ConstructStats
documentation (the static method definition should use `reference` not
`reference_internal`).
* Rename inst->constructed to inst->holder_constructed
This makes it clearer exactly what it's referring to.
* Add debugging info about so size to build output
This adds a small python script to tools that captures before-and-after
.so sizes between builds and outputs this in the build output via a
string such as:
------ pybind11_tests.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so file size: 924696 (decrease of 73680 bytes = 7.38%)
------ pybind11_tests.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so file size: 998376 (increase of 73680 bytes = 7.97%)
------ pybind11_tests.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so file size: 998376 (no change)
Or, if there was no .so during the build, just the .so size by itself:
------ pybind11_tests.cpython-35m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so file size: 998376
This allows you to, for example, build, checkout a different branch,
rebuild, and easily see exactly the change in the pybind11_tests.so
size.
It also allows looking at the travis and appveyor build logs to get an
idea of .so/.dll sizes across different build systems.
* Minor libsize.py script changes
- Use RAII open
- Remove unused libsize=-1
- Report change as [+-]xyz bytes = [+-]a.bc%
* Add type caster for std::experimental::optional
* Add tests for std::experimental::optional
* Support both <optional> / <experimental/optional>
* Mention std{::experimental,}::optional in the docs
* Make reference(_internal) the default return value policy for properties
Before this, all `def_property*` functions used `automatic` as their
default return value policy. This commit makes it so that:
* Non-static properties use `reference_interal` by default, thus
matching `def_readonly` and `def_readwrite`.
* Static properties use `reference` by default, thus matching
`def_readonly_static` and `def_readwrite_static`.
In case `cpp_function` is passed to any `def_property*`, its policy will
be used instead of any defaults. User-defined arguments in `extras`
still have top priority and will override both the default policies and
the ones from `cpp_function`.
Resolves#436.
* Almost always use return_value_policy::move for rvalues
For functions which return rvalues or rvalue references, the only viable
return value policies are `copy` and `move`. `reference(_internal)` and
`take_ownership` would take the address of a temporary which is always
an error.
This commit prevents possible user errors by overriding the bad rvalue
policies with `move`. Besides `move`, only `copy` is allowed, and only
if it's explicitly selected by the user.
This is also a necessary safety feature to support the new default
return value policies for properties: `reference(_internal)`.
The current integer caster was unnecessarily strict and rejected
various kinds of NumPy integer types when calling C++ functions
expecting normal integers. This relaxes the current behavior.
Currently pybind11 doesn't check when you define a new object (e.g. a
class, function, or exception) that overwrites an existing one. If the
thing being overwritten is a class, this leads to a segfault (because
pybind still thinks the type is defined, even though Python no longer
has the type). In other cases this is harmless (e.g. replacing a
function with an exception), but even in that case it's most likely a
bug.
This code doesn't prevent you from actively doing something harmful,
like deliberately overwriting a previous definition, but detects
overwriting with a run-time error if it occurs in the standard
class/function/exception/def registration interfaces.
All of the additions are in non-template code; the result is actually a
tiny decrease in .so size compared to master without the new test code
(977304 to 977272 bytes), and about 4K higher with the new tests.
With this there is no more need for manual user declarations like
`PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE(T, std::shared_ptr<T>)`. Existing ones
will still compile without error -- they will just be ignored silently.
Resolves#446.
This patch adds an extra base handle parameter to most ``py::array`` and
``py::array_t<>`` constructors. If specified along with a pointer to
data, the base object will be registered within NumPy, which increases
the base's reference count. This feature is useful to create shallow
copies of C++ or Python arrays while ensuring that the owners of the
underlying can't be garbage collected while referenced by NumPy.
The commit also adds a simple test function involving a ``wrap()``
function that creates shallow copies of various N-D arrays.
`auto var = l[0]` has a strange quirk: `var` is actually an accessor and
not an object, so any later assignment of `var = ...` would modify l[0]
instead of `var`. This is surprising compared to the non-auto assignment
`py::object var = l[0]; var = ...`.
By overloading `operator=` on lvalue/rvalue, the expected behavior is
restored even for `auto` variables.
This also adds the `hasattr` and `getattr` functions which are needed
with the new attribute behavior. The new functions behave exactly like
their Python counterparts.
Similarly `object` gets a `contains` method which calls `__contains__`,
i.e. it's the same as the `in` keyword in Python.
The custom exception handling added in PR #273 is robust, but is overly
complex for declaring the most common simple C++ -> Python exception
mapping that needs only to copy `what()`. This add a simpler
`py::register_exception<CppExp>(module, "PyExp");` function that greatly
simplifies the common basic case of translation of a simple CppException
into a simple PythonException, while not removing the more advanced
capabilities of defining custom exception handlers.
The current inheritance testing isn't sufficient to detect a cache
failure; the test added here breaks PR #390, which caches the
run-time-determined return type the first time a function is called,
then reuses that cached type even though the run-time type could be
different for a future call.
This adds a static local variable (in dead code unless actually needed)
in the overload code that is used for storage if the overload is for
some convert-by-value type (such as numeric values or std::string).
This has limitations (as written up in the advanced doc), but is better
than simply not being able to overload reference or pointer methods.
This clears the Python error at the error_already_set throw site, thus
allowing Python calls to be made in destructors which are triggered by
the exception. This is preferable to the alternative, which would be
guarding every Python API call with an error_scope.
This effectively flips the behavior of error_already_set. Previously,
it was assumed that the error stays in Python, so handling the exception
in C++ would require explicitly calling PyErr_Clear(), but nothing was
needed to propagate the error to Python. With this change, handling the
error in C++ does not require a PyErr_Clear() call, but propagating the
error to Python requires an explicit error_already_set::restore().
The change does not break old code which explicitly calls PyErr_Clear()
for cleanup, which should be the majority of user code. The need for an
explicit restore() call does break old code, but this should be mostly
confined to the library and not user code.
This commit adds support for forcing alias type initialization by
defining constructors with `py::init_alias<arg1, arg2>()` instead of
`py::init<arg1, arg2>()`. Currently py::init<> only results in Alias
initialization if the type is extended in python, or the given
arguments can't be used to construct the base type, but can be used to
construct the alias. py::init_alias<>, in contrast, always invokes the
constructor of the alias type.
It looks like this was already the intention of
`py::detail::init_alias`, which was forward-declared in
86d825f330, but was apparently never
finished: despite the existance of a .def method accepting it, the
`detail::init_alias` class isn't actually defined anywhere.
This commit completes the feature (or possibly repurposes it), allowing
declaration of classes that will always initialize the trampoline which
is (as I argued in #397) sometimes useful.
Type alias for alias classes with members didn't work properly: space
was only allocated for sizeof(type), but if we want to be able to put a
type_alias instance there, we need sizeof(type_alias), but
sizeof(type_alias) > sizeof(type) whenever type_alias has members.
The previous commit to address #392 triggers a compiler warning about
returning a reference to a local variable, which is *not* a false alarm:
the following:
py::cast<int &>(o)
(which happens internally in an overload declaration) really is
returning a reference to a local, because the cast operators for the
type_caster for numeric types returns a reference to its own member.
This commit adds a static_assert to make that a compilation failure
rather than returning a reference into about-to-be-freed memory.
Incidentally, this is also a fix for #219, which is exactly the same
issue: we can't reference numeric primitives that are cast from
wrappers around python numeric types.
This allows a slightly cleaner base type specification of:
py::class_<Type, Base>("Type")
as an alternative to
py::class_<Type>("Type", py::base<Base>())
As with the other template parameters, the order relative to the holder
or trampoline types doesn't matter.
This also includes a compile-time assertion failure if attempting to
specify more than one base class (but is easily extendible to support
multiple inheritance, someday, by updating the class_selector::set_bases
function to set multiple bases).
With this change both C++ and Python write to sys.stdout which resolves
the capture issues noted in #351. Therefore, the related workarounds are
removed.
The current pybind11::class_<Type, Holder, Trampoline> fixed template
ordering results in a requirement to repeat the Holder with its default
value (std::unique_ptr<Type>) argument, which is a little bit annoying:
it needs to be specified not because we want to override the default,
but rather because we need to specify the third argument.
This commit removes this limitation by making the class_ template take
the type name plus a parameter pack of options. It then extracts the
first valid holder type and the first subclass type for holder_type and
trampoline type_alias, respectively. (If unfound, both fall back to
their current defaults, `std::unique_ptr<type>` and `type`,
respectively). If any unmatched template arguments are provided, a
static assertion fails.
What this means is that you can specify or omit the arguments in any
order:
py::class_<A, PyA> c1(m, "A");
py::class_<B, PyB, std::shared_ptr<B>> c2(m, "B");
py::class_<C, std::shared_ptr<C>, PyB> c3(m, "C");
It also allows future class attributes (such as base types in the next
commit) to be passed as class template types rather than needing to use
a py::base<> wrapper.
The variadic handle::operator() offers the same functionality as well
as mixed positional, keyword, * and ** arguments. The tests are also
superseded by the ones in `test_callbacks`.
A Python function can be called with the syntax:
```python
foo(a1, a2, *args, ka=1, kb=2, **kwargs)
```
This commit adds support for the equivalent syntax in C++:
```c++
foo(a1, a2, *args, "ka"_a=1, "kb"_a=2, **kwargs)
```
In addition, generalized unpacking is implemented, as per PEP 448,
which allows calls with multiple * and ** unpacking:
```python
bar(*args1, 99, *args2, 101, **kwargs1, kz=200, **kwargs2)
```
and
```c++
bar(*args1, 99, *args2, 101, **kwargs1, "kz"_a=200, **kwargs2)
```
Currently pybind11 only supports std::unique_ptr<T> holders by default
(other holders can, of course, be declared using the macro). PR #368
added a `py::nodelete` that is intended to be used as:
py::class_<Type, std::unique_ptr<Type, py::nodelete>> c("Type");
but this doesn't work out of the box. (You could add an explicit
holder type declaration, but this doesn't appear to have been the
intention of the commit).
This commit fixes it by generalizing the unique_ptr type_caster to take
both the type and deleter as template arguments, so that *any*
unique_ptr instances are now automatically handled by pybind. It also
adds a test to test_smart_ptr, testing both that py::nodelete (now)
works, and that the object is indeed not deleted as intended.
Adding or removing tests is a little bit cumbersome currently: the test
needs to be added to CMakeLists.txt, the init function needs to be
predeclared in pybind11_tests.cpp, then called in the plugin
initialization. While this isn't a big deal for tests that are being
committed, it's more of a hassle when working on some new feature or
test code for which I temporarily only care about building and linking
the test being worked on rather than the entire test suite.
This commit changes tests to self-register their initialization by
having each test initialize a local object (which stores the
initialization function in a static variable). This makes changing the
set of tests being build easy: one only needs to add or comment out
test names in tests/CMakeLists.txt.
A couple other minor changes that go along with this:
- test_eigen.cpp is now included in the test list, then removed if eigen
isn't available. This lets you disable the eigen tests by commenting
it out, just like all the other tests, but keeps the build working
without eigen eigen isn't available. (Also, if it's commented out, we
don't even bother looking for and reporting the building with/without
eigen status message).
- pytest is now invoked with all the built test names (with .cpp changed
to .py) so that it doesn't try to run tests that weren't built.
Problem
=======
The template trampoline pattern documented in PR #322 has a problem with
virtual method overloads in intermediate classes in the inheritance
chain between the trampoline class and the base class.
For example, consider the following inheritance structure, where `B` is
the actual class, `PyB<B>` is the trampoline class, and `PyA<B>` is an
intermediate class adding A's methods into the trampoline:
PyB<B> -> PyA<B> -> B -> A
Suppose PyA<B> has a method `some_method()` with a PYBIND11_OVERLOAD in
it to overload the virtual `A::some_method()`. If a Python class `C` is
defined that inherits from the pybind11-registered `B` and tries to
provide an overriding `some_method()`, the PYBIND11_OVERLOADs declared
in PyA<B> fails to find this overloaded method, and thus never invoke it
(or, if pure virtual and not overridden in PyB<B>, raises an exception).
This happens because the base (internal) `PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT` macro
simply calls `get_overload(this, name)`; `get_overload()` then uses the
inferred type of `this` to do a type lookup in `registered_types_cpp`.
This is where it fails: `this` will be a `PyA<B> *`, but `PyA<B>` is
neither the base type (`B`) nor the trampoline type (`PyB<B>`). As a
result, the overload fails and we get a failed overload lookup.
The fix
=======
The fix is relatively simple: we can cast `this` passed to
`get_overload()` to a `const B *`, which lets get_overload look up the
correct class. Since trampoline classes should be derived from `B`
classes anyway, this cast should be perfectly safe.
This does require adding the class name as an argument to the
PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_INT macro, but leaves the public macro signatures
unchanged.
Installing something outside the project directory from a cmake
invocation is overly intrusive; this changes tests/CMakeLists.txt to
just fail with an informative message instead, and changes the
travis-ci builds to install pytest via pip or apt-get.
- ICPC can't handle the NCVirt trampoline which returns a non-copyable
type, which is likely due to a constexpr/SFINAE issue. This disables
the test on that compiler so that at least the rest can be tested.
The C++ part of the test code is modified to achieve this. As a result,
this kind of test:
```python
with capture:
kw_func1(5, y=10)
assert capture == "kw_func(x=5, y=10)"
```
can be replaced with a simple:
`assert kw_func1(5, y=10) == "x=5, y=10"`
Use simple asserts and pytest's powerful introspection to make testing
simpler. This merges the old .py/.ref file pairs into simple .py files
where the expected values are right next to the code being tested.
This commit does not touch the C++ part of the code and replicates the
Python tests exactly like the old .ref-file-based approach.
