Allows use of vectors as python buffers, so for example they can be adopted without a copy by numpy.asarray
Allows faster conversion of buffers to vectors by copying instead of individually casting the elements
* Add value_type member alias to py::array_t (resolve#632)
* Use numpy scalar name in py::array_t function signatures (e.g. float32/64 instead of just float)
The `decltype(...)` in the template parameter that gives us SFINAE
matching for a lambda makes MSVC 2017 ICE; this works around if by
changing the test to an explicit not-a-function-or-pointer test, which
seems to work everywhere.
Some versions of Python 2.7 reportedly (#713) have issues with
PyUnicode_Decode being passed the encoding string, so just skip it
entirely by calling the PyUnicode_DecodeUTF* function directly. This
will also be slightly more efficient by avoiding having to check the
encoding string, and (for python 2) going through the unicode class's
decode (python 3 fast-tracks this for all utf-{8,16,32} encodings;
python 2 only fast-tracked for the exact string "utf-8", which we
weren't passing anyway (we had "utf8")).
This doesn't work for PyPy, however: its `PyUnicode_DecodeUTF{8,16,32}`
appear rather broken: the UTF8 one segfaults, while the 16/32 require
recasting into a non-const `char *` (and might segfault; I didn't get
far enough to find out). Just avoid the whole thing by keeping the
encoding-passed-as-string version for PyPy, which seems to work
reliably.
The duration calculation was using %, but that's only supported on
duration objects when the arithmetic type supports %, and hence fails
for floats. Fixed by subtracting off the calculated values instead.
When using pybind::options to disable function signatures, user-defined
docstrings only get appended if they exist, but newlines were getting
appended unconditionally, so the docstring could end up with blank lines
(depending on which overloads, in particular, provided docstrings).
This commit suppresses the empty lines by only adding newlines for
overloads when needed.
This makes array_t respect overload resolution and noconvert by failing
to load when `convert = false` if the src isn't already an array of the
correct type.
Added in 6fb48490ef
The second constructor can't be doing anything--the signatures are
exactly the same, and so the first is always going to be the one
invoked by the dispatcher.
Commit 11a337f1 added major and minor python version
checking to cast.h but does not use the macros defined
via the Python.h inclusion. This may be due to an
intention to use the variables defined by the cmake
module FindPythonInterpreter, but nothing in the
pybind11 repo does anything to convert the cmake
variables to preprocessor defines.
* The definition of `PySequence_Fast` is more restrictive on PyPy, so
use the slow path instead.
* `PyDict_Next` has been fixed in PyPy -> remove workaround.
Before this, `py::iterator` didn't do any error handling, so code like:
```c++
for (auto item : py::int_(1)) {
// ...
}
```
would just silently skip the loop. The above now throws `TypeError` as
expected. This is a breaking behavior change, but any code which relied
on the silent skip was probably broken anyway.
Also, errors returned by `PyIter_Next()` are now properly handled.
This commit largely rewrites the Eigen dense matrix support to avoid
copying in many cases: Eigen arguments can now reference numpy data, and
numpy objects can now reference Eigen data (given compatible types).
Eigen::Ref<...> arguments now also make use of the new `convert`
argument use (added in PR #634) to avoid conversion, allowing
`py::arg().noconvert()` to be used when binding a function to prohibit
copying when invoking the function. Respecting `convert` also means
Eigen overloads that avoid copying will be preferred during overload
resolution to ones that require copying.
This commit also rewrites the Eigen documentation and test suite to
explain and test the new capabilities.
Eigen::Ref objects, when returned, are almost always returned as
rvalues; what's important is the data they reference, not the outer
shell, and so we want to be able to use `::copy`,
`::reference_internal`, etc. to refer to the data the Eigen::Ref
references (in the following commits), rather than the Eigen::Ref
instance itself.
This moves the policy override into a struct so that code that wants to
avoid it (or wants to provide some other Return-type-conditional
override) can create a specialization of
return_value_policy_override<Return> in order to override the override.
This lets an Eigen::Ref-returning function be bound with `rvp::copy`,
for example, to specify that the data should be copied into a new numpy
array rather than referenced, or `rvp::reference_internal` to indicate
that it should be referenced, but a keep-alive used (actually, we used
the array's `base` rather than a py::keep_alive in such a case, but it
accomplishes the same thing).
Numpy raises ValueError when attempting to modify an array, while
py::array is raising a RuntimeError. This changes the exception to a
std::domain_error, which gets mapped to the expected ValueError in
python.
numpy arrays aren't currently properly setting base: by setting `->base`
directly, the base doesn't follow what numpy expects and documents (that
is, following chained array bases to the root array).
This fixes the behaviour by using numpy's PyArray_SetBaseObject to set
the base instead, and then updates the tests to reflect the fixed
behaviour.
A few of pybind's numpy constants are using the numpy-deprecated names
(without "ARRAY_" in them); updated our names to be consistent with
current numpy code.
`is_template_base_of<T>` fails when `T` is `const` (because its
implementation relies on being able to convert a `T*` to a `Base<U>*`,
which won't work when `T` is const).
(This also agrees with std::is_base_of, which ignores cv qualification.)
Currently when we do a conversion between a numpy array and an Eigen
Vector, we allow the conversion only if the Eigen type is a
compile-time vector (i.e. at least one dimension is fixed at 1 at
compile time), or if the type is dynamic on *both* dimensions.
This means we can run into cases where MatrixXd allow things that
conforming, compile-time sizes does not: for example,
`Matrix<double,4,Dynamic>` is currently not allowed, even when assigning
from a 4-element vector, but it *is* allowed for a
`Matrix<double,Dynamic,Dynamic>`.
This commit also reverts the current behaviour of using the matrix's
storage order to determine the structure when the Matrix is fully
dynamic (i.e. in both dimensions). Currently we assign to an eigen row
if the storage order is row-major, and column otherwise: this seems
wrong (the storage order has nothing to do with the shape!). While
numpy doesn't distinguish between a row/column vector, Eigen does, but
it makes more sense to consistently choose one than to produce
something with a different shape based on the intended storage layout.
With the previous commit, output can be very confusing because you only
see positional arguments in the "invoked with" line, but you can have a
failure from kwargs as well (in particular, when a value is invalidly
specified via both via positional and kwargs). This commits adds
kwargs to the output, and updates the associated tests to match.
* Make string conversion stricter
The string conversion logic added in PR #624 for all std::basic_strings
was derived from the old std::wstring logic, but that was underused and
turns out to have had a bug in accepting almost anything convertible to
unicode, while the previous std::string logic was much stricter. This
restores the previous std::string logic by only allowing actual unicode
or string types.
Fixes#685.
* Added missing 'requires numpy' decorator
(I forgot that the change to a global decorator here is in the
not-yet-merged Eigen PR)
Now that only one shared metaclass is ever allocated, it's extremely
cheap to enable it for all pybind11 types.
* Deprecate the default py::metaclass() since it's not needed anymore.
* Allow users to specify a custom metaclass via py::metaclass(handle).
In order to fully satisfy Python's inheritance type layout requirements,
all types should have a common 'solid' base. A solid base is one which
has the same instance size as the derived type (not counting the space
required for the optional `dict_ptr` and `weakrefs_ptr`). Thus, `object`
does not qualify as a solid base for pybind11 types and this can lead to
issues with multiple inheritance.
To get around this, new base types are created: one per unique instance
size. There is going to be very few of these bases. They ensure Python's
MRO checks will pass when multiple bases are involved.
Instead of creating a new unique metaclass for each type, the builtin
`property` type is subclassed to support static properties. The new
setter/getters always pass types instead of instances in their `self`
argument. A metaclass is still required to support this behavior, but
it doesn't store any data anymore, so a new one doesn't need to be
created for each class. There is now only one common metaclass which
is shared by all pybind11 types.
* Fixed compilation error when defining function accepting some forms of std::function.
The compilation error happens only when the functional.h header is
present, and the build is done in debug mode, with NDEBUG being
undefined. In addition, the std::function must accept an abstract
base class by reference.
The compilation error occurred in cast.h, when trying to construct a
std::tuple<AbstractBase>, rather than a std::tuple<AbstractBase&>.
This was caused by functional.h using std::move rather than
std::forward, changing the signature of the function being used.
This commit contains the fix, along with a test that exhibits the
issue when compiled in debug mode without the fix applied.
* Moved new std::function tests into test_callbacks, added callback_with_movable test.
noexcept deduction, added in PR #555, doesn't work with clang's
-std=c++1z; and while it works with g++, it isn't entirely clear to me
that it is required to work in C++17.
What should work, however, is that C++17 allows implicit conversion of a
`noexcept(true)` function pointer to a `noexcept(false)` (i.e. default,
noexcept-not-specified) function pointer. That was breaking in pybind11
because the cpp_function template used for lambdas provided a better
match (i.e. without requiring an implicit conversion), but it then
failed.
This commit takes a different approach of using SFINAE on the lambda
function to prevent it from matching a non-lambda object, which then
gets implicit conversion from a `noexcept` function pointer to a
`noexcept(false)` function pointer. This much nicer solution also gets
rid of the C++17 NOEXCEPT macros, and works in both clang and g++.
* Propagate unicode conversion failure
If returning a std::string with invalid utf-8 data, we currently fail
with an uninformative TypeError instead of propagating the
UnicodeDecodeError that Python sets on failure.
* Add support for u16/u32strings and literals
This adds support for wchar{16,32}_t character literals and the
associated std::u{16,32}string types. It also folds the
character/string conversion into a single type_caster template, since
the type casters for string and wstring were mostly the same anyway.
* Added too-long and too-big character conversion errors
With this commit, when casting to a single character, as opposed to a
C-style string, we make sure the input wasn't a multi-character string
or a single character with codepoint too large for the character type.
This also changes the character cast op to CharT instead of CharT& (we
need to be able to return a temporary decoded char value, but also
because there's little gained by bothering with an lvalue return here).
Finally it changes the char caster to 'has-a-string-caster' instead of
'is-a-string-caster' because, with the cast_op change above, there's
nothing at all gained from inheritance. This also lets us remove the
`success` from the string caster (which was only there for the char
caster) into the char caster itself. (I also renamed it to 'none' and
inverted its value to better reflect its purpose). The None -> nullptr
loading also now takes place only under a `convert = true` load pass.
Although it's unlikely that a function taking a char also has overloads
that can take a None, it seems marginally more correct to treat it as a
conversion.
This commit simplifies the size assumptions about character sizes with
static_asserts to back them up.
* Avoid C-style const casts
Replace C-style casts that discard `const` with `const_cast` (and, where
necessary, `reinterpret_cast` as well).
* Warn about C-style const-discarding casts
Change pybind11_enable_warnings to also enable `-Wcast-qual` (warn if a
C-style cast discards `const`) by default. The previous commit should
have gotten rid of all of these (at least, all the ones that tripped in
my build, which included the tests), and this should discourage more
from newly appearing.
Fixes#656.
Before this commit, the problematic sequence was:
1. `catch (const std::exception &e)` gets a Python exception,
i.e. `error_already_set`.
2. `PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, e.what())` sets an `ImportError`.
3. `~error_already_set()` now runs, but `gil_scoped_acquire` fails due
to an unhandled `ImportError` (which was just set in step 2).
This commit adds a separate catch block for Python exceptions which just
clears the Python error state a little earlier and replaces it with an
`ImportError`, thus making sure that there is only a single Python
exception in flight at a time. (After step 2 in the sequence above,
there were effectively two Python expections set.)
* Fix debugging output for nameless py::arg annotations
This fixes a couple bugs with nameless py::arg() (introduced in #634)
annotations:
- the argument name was being used in debug mode without checking that
it exists (which would result in the std::string construction throwing
an exception for being invoked with a nullptr)
- the error output says "keyword arguments", but py::arg_v() can now
also be used for positional argument defaults.
- the debugging output "in function named 'blah'" was overly verbose:
changed it to just "in function 'blah'".
* Fix missing space in debug test string
* Moved tests from issues to methods_and_attributes
This changes the function dispatching code for overloaded functions into
a two-pass procedure where we first try all overloads with
`convert=false` for all arguments. If no function calls succeeds in the
first pass, we then try a second pass where we allow arguments to have
`convert=true` (unless, of course, the argument was explicitly specified
with `py::arg().noconvert()`).
For non-overloaded methods, the two-pass procedure is skipped (we just
make the overload-allowed call). The second pass is also skipped if it
would result in the same thing (i.e. where all arguments are
`.noconvert()` arguments).
This adds support for controlling the `convert` flag of arguments
through the py::arg annotation. This then allows arguments to be
flagged as non-converting, which the type_caster is able to use to
request different behaviour.
Currently, AFAICS `convert` is only used for type converters of regular
pybind11-registered types; all of the other core type_casters ignore it.
We can, however, repurpose it to control internal conversion of
converters like Eigen and `array`: most usefully to give callers a way
to disable the conversion that would otherwise occur when a
`Eigen::Ref<const Eigen::Matrix>` argument is passed a numpy array that
requires conversion (either because it has an incompatible stride or the
wrong dtype).
Specifying a noconvert looks like one of these:
m.def("f1", &f, "a"_a.noconvert() = "default"); // Named, default, noconvert
m.def("f2", &f, "a"_a.noconvert()); // Named, no default, no converting
m.def("f3", &f, py::arg().noconvert()); // Unnamed, no default, no converting
(The last part--being able to declare a py::arg without a name--is new:
previous py::arg() only accepted named keyword arguments).
Such an non-convert argument is then passed `convert = false` by the
type caster when loading the argument. Whether this has an effect is up
to the type caster itself, but as mentioned above, this would be
extremely helpful for the Eigen support to give a nicer way to specify
a "no-copy" mode than the custom wrapper in the current PR, and
moreover isn't an Eigen-specific hack.
Arithmetic and complex casters now only do a converting cast when
`convert=true`; previously they would convert always (e.g. when passing
an int to a float-accepting function, or a float to complex-accepting
function).
This cleans up the previous commit slightly by further reducing the
function call arguments to a single struct (containing the
function_record, arguments vector, and parent).
Although this doesn't currently change anything, it does allow for
future functionality to have a place for precalls to store temporary
objects that need to be destroyed after a function call (whether or not
the call succeeds).
As a concrete example, with this change #625 could be easily implemented
(I think) by adding a std::unique_ptr<gil_scoped_release> member to the
`function_call` struct with a precall that actually constructs it.
Without this, the precall can't do that: the postcall won't be invoked
if the call throws an exception.
This doesn't seems to affect the .so size noticeably (either way).
